I am very pleased to bring this page to you. As many of you know my mom, was also into genealogy. For a period of time, she wrote articles that appeared weekly in our local paper the St. Croix Courier (St. Stephen, Charlotte County, New Brunswick Canada). Soon after mom's passing, I found this one binder, full of her articles. I contacted the Courier and asked if I could put them on my web site. So a special thanks goes to the Courier for allowing me to post my mom's articles. She enjoyed writing In-Laws, Outlaws and Kinfolk. Looking back at these article titles I remember every one of them, but most of all I remember how much she enjoyed to write. Of course with any writing there comes writer's block. I remember the frustration the block would have for her, but somehow, some way....and what I like to call the "F.E. and Adrienne Power Hour" happens to be around 2 a.m. She would wake from a sound sleep and be rattling away at the keyboard. I would wake up and ask, "What are you doing?" She would look at me with the fire in her eyes. "It finally came to me."

As a ten year old I would watch her write these articles...but mainly it was to make fun of her (in a good way of course). As I write this...it is like this all took place just yesterday. The raising of her light brown eyebrow; her lips twitching on either side; her head shrugging to one of her shoulders. Then she would turn, and catch me red handed making the faces she was. You could tell as she typed that she was not happy with how the article was going. clack, clack..CLACK CLACK, delete, delete, delete......delete. Regardless she never got frustrated, she knew it would come to her, and it always did.

I chose to share these articles with everyone, because there might be information in them, for people looking for the missing link. Or if you were a weekly reader of mom's articles, there may have been one you missed.

Once I get the articles up on the site, each article title will have a link that will jump directly to the mentioned article. I will also make each article printer friendly. This will make it easier to just scroll through the articles, without uploading the PDF file. If you want to print an article all you have do is click the printer friendly version and the PDF will load

Because there are a lot of articles, it is going to take some time to get them all up on the web site. Please be patient and I will get them all up as soon as I can.

I hope you enjoy all these articles.

Please visit the Inlaws, Outlaws and Kin folk Blog.

In-Laws, Outlaws and Kin folk (top)

by F.E. McConvey

What person in his right mind would willingly be subjected to having his patience tried to the utmost pushed to the limits of his endurance; robbed of his sleep;and derive pleasure for extended periods of time, often without meals? Would you believe--a genealogist?

Genealogy issues a challenge to those brave enough to accept--and there are many. The positive aspects far outweigh any negative ones in this pursuit of one's ancestors.

The rewards are multifold. A great feeling of personal achievement pervades one's being as the "picture" slowly develops. Searching for one's antecedents develops mental skills and expands one's knowledge, both geographically and historically. This exploration into the past is the most valuable bequest anyone can bestow upon future generations. In every family there are stories and incidents too precious to be lost forever. This, too, is a responsibility accepted by the discerning genealogist. Last, but not least, are the people one meets--in person, through correspondence, or over the phone. They come in various sizes, shapes, ages, and colors, from any part of the globe, willing to share their findings. Even if working on a different families, a certain kinship develops between genealogists.

Have you ever thirsted beside the fast flowing stream, reluctant to take a drink? Take my hand and I shall lead you to a pool where cool, sparkling taste will bolster your flagging spirits.

If you have been satisfied with an occasional sip of these waters, follow me for an invigoration draught from a bubbling spring.

To those who have plunged headlong into the midst of the fountain-head to quaff copious quantities of this stimulation elixir--move over!

IN-LAWS, OUTLAWS AND KIN FOLK is a column for the genealogist. One aim is to provide a series of interesting and informative articles that will encourage and assist you, the reader, in your search. Your comments and questions are welcome. They will serve as guidelines for future writing.

Another intention of this column is to promote and advance genealogical and historical societies. Please keep me informed of your activities and any publications available.

Read are invited to send queries to IN-LAWS, OUTLAWS, AND KIN FOLK, c/o the Courier. Space may not permit all to be published, if the response is overwhelming, but we shall print as many as possible. The answers should be sent directly to those making the queries.

Queries

The Family Tree

I doubt that I shall ever see

The completion of this family tree--

It's roots are buried deept in earth

And will not reveal great-

grand pap's birth.

Other trunks, I see, straight, tall and

thin,

While mine is gnarled and decayed

within.

The branches are crooked, broken

and battered.

Has ever appeared, one so tattered?

My eyes are red, but not from weeping

'Tis only the hours I've been

keeping

I should be asleep, but, I can't stop

Till I find the name of Grandma's

Pop.

Ahh, there it is! Quick let me add

That leaf, before it drives me mad

I stretch a bit and then, I yawn,

But before the breaking of the dawn,

Each added leaf concealed the blight

--

Making my tree a gen'alogist's

delight.

Roots or Twigs?(top)

by F.E. McConvey

After me, you come first! This is the way in genealogy - begin with twigs and work down to the roots. The first twig is self. It's always a great boost to the ego to see your name heading the list.

Develop the habit of recording any information as completely as possible. The way in which a name is presented can disclose information to others who do not personally know that individual

MARY HELEN SMALL - normally called MARY

MARY HELEN SMALL - answers to HELEN

MARY (MAME) HELEN SMALL - given name is MARY, but is commonly known as MAME

Nicknames, a subject that merits its own column, can in some instances provide positive means of identification. Just as a matter of factly, they are also capable of hindering your investigation. A by-name that has persisted over a number of years should be included in parentheses ( ) or quotations " " as part of the name. It also adds interest to know that mother's Uncle Harry is called "Doodles."

After completing your full name, write your birth date underneath. Avoid using figures alone, as 7/11/87. This tends to be confusing. If limited space creates a problem, making an abbreviated for necessary, use a Roman numeral for the month. i.e. 13-VI-1987

Note the use of four digits for the year. This is another good practice because you could be working with at least three centuries, as your work progresses.

Besides your birth date, write the place of birth. By including the town or city, parish, county, and province/state, no errors can be made in pin-pointing the exact location. If born in another country, add that detail as well.

At this point, should you be married, show the date and place of that occasion, then provide the birth information of your spouse. Some people have had more than one marriage. The signs M1, M2 etc. may be used to differentiate between them. An equals symbol (=) is frequently employed to denote matrimonial union.

Include the date of death, place and the name of the cemetery where interred for a deceased spouse.

Common sense dictate that this would be an excellent time to record the names of the spouse's parents using the mother's maiden name, if known. Your jotting should look something like this. The examples use are fictitious:

John Bisbane Clinton

b. 25 Feb 1925 at Waweig, St. Croix Parish, Charlotte Co., New Brunswick.

M1 31 Dec 1953 at Calais, Washington Co., Maine USA to

MADELINE (MADDIE) ELAINE HARVEY b. 3 Sept 1930 at Calais, ME, USA. Daughter of Henry and Alberta (Moore) Harvey. d. 19 Apr 1972 at Waweig, NB. Buried in family plot at Sandy Point Cemetery, Bayside, St. Croix Parish, Charlotte County, NB.

M 2 15 Jun 1980 at St. Stephen, St. Stephen Parish, Charlotte County, NB to

HELEN GERTRUDE GILROY b. March 17, 1928 at Fredericton, York County, NB, daughter of George and Margaret (Henderson) Gilroy.

In this manner, move along to the next generation - father, grandfather, great-grandfather. Continue as far as you can. With each regression you will discover more gaps, but don't become discouraged. Write down what you do know and the rest can be completed at a later date.

Facts (data) concerning births, marriages, deaths and divorces are called vital statistics.

Once this task is finished, repeat the exercise for your maternal (mother's) line.

This method exhibits only a direct line of your ancestry. If you would like to really tax you mind, add the children of all these people. Again, begin with your own, list by age in descending order. Include any child that has deceased.

My fictious sample:

CHILDREN:

NO ISSUE.

By the time you have racked your brain for all the names and dates of these family members, you will have formed a substantial base from which to launch a more intensive investigation.

These toddling steps have led you down a winding path on which you may travel for the rest of your days. There will be pitfalls, detours, tedious straight stretches and hairpin turns, but during your journey you will never lack a friend. Welcome to the wonderful world of genealogy.

READER RESPONSE:

If you know any interesting nicknames that you would be willing to share, please send them in, along with a short paragraph describing how they originated

QUERIES:

3. BARBARA MORRISON Possibly from Scotch Ridge. 1847 licensed to teach in St. James Parish, also licensed in par. of St. Andrews & St. Stephen. Married FOY(E). 1871 census, St. S was sep. from husb. Bur. in Washington State. Dau. EDA RUSSELL of Bayside, NB. Seek any info on this family.

4. ANA GREENLAW First wife of LEONARD BARTLETT (ca 1779-1854). CH: JOHN J. (1), MOSES J., JESSE CECIL, JOHN J. (2). Seek info on parents siblings, birth etc.

Since Time Began (top)

by F.E. McConvey

From an early age people have been maintaining family lineages. There are 77 generations shown by Luke (Chapter 3) in his genealogy of Jesus. He portrays the line from Jesus, the son of Joseph to Adam, son of God. Without an intensive study into the realms of the Old Testament, it would be very difficult to determine how many years this chronicle spanned.

In this day, a generation is accepted as the space of 33 years. Therefore, by our reckoning, 77 generations would take us to the year 554 B.C. The absence of written records would render it impossible for a person living now to extend his research back to that era.

The preserving of ancestral lines began long ago in both China and Japan, as well. Confucianism, an Eastern religion taught by Confucius (551? - 478 ? B.C.) emphasized ancestor worship and loyalty to family and friends. Some of these lineages are the most ancient and longest to be found, along with genealogies which have been discovered in Africa and Polynesia. It is also worthy to note that those complied by the Raiputs of India covered more than ten centuries.

From the pages of Aku, Aku, the Secret of Easter Island , Thor Heyerdahl relates how the mayor, Pedro Atan recited the names of 10 generations preceding him, as easily as we can count our fingers.

On this tiny Pacific island, families called Hanau eepe (long-ears) possessed caves in which were stored sacred family stones and artifacts. The entrances to these caverns were closely guarded secrets passed by word of mouth from one generation to the next. (The long-ears erected the mysterious statues on Easter Island).

The mayor, at the age of five had begun to learn the family traditions from his elders. His cave had been inherited at the death of his father, completing a direct line of eleven generations.

In this particular cave were locks of hair clipped from the head of each guardian. Every sample was rolled in care in a banana leaf and tied with string. The number of knots in the string indicated to which generation the hair belonged.

A modern religion in which genealogy plays a major role is that of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, more commonly referred to as the Mormons. Thanks to the massive collections house and freely shared by this church, genealogists are able to find information from nearly every portion of the globe without necessity of world travel.

Royal families firmly adhere to the strict rules that have been established for succession to the throne. Battles have been waged over these rights as witnessed in England during the savage struggle between the Houses of York and Lancaster known in history as "The War of the Roses." Nobility also follow rigid, fixed guidelines for the inheritance of titles and ancestral holdings.

In Mesopotamia, the seat of civilization, archaeologists have discovered a document known as the Sumerian King List. They believe it was drawn up during the second millennium but relies on older sources of information. this list records the royal dynasties and the names of the kings from the city-states of the time.

Some scientists feel it is valueless for chronological purposes because the earlier reigns are unrealistically long. In addition, the writers show some dynasties succeeding one another; whereas, they were actually contemporary.

Five of these dynasties are separated from the others by the occurrence of the Flood. These give stretched backward into the ages for 250,000 years, but it is felt that these kings are, in all probability, legendary.

After the Flood, the reigns still continue to be very lengthy. Around 2700 B.C. appears the name of Mbaragesi. The date on this Sumerian king have been proved historically by research. From this point, the information related is more acceptable to modern science.

But, for the most part, those interested in genealogy are not of royal descent, nor protectors of secret caves. Occasionally, one finds an ancestor who held a title or was a famous personage; however this is the exception rather than the rule.

Some optimists trace their family lineages in hopes of collecting an unclaimed pot at the end of the ancestral rainbow. Success in this pursuit is even more rare than finding buried treasure in your backyard.

The majority become involved in genealogy simply because they wish to have a greater insight about the origins and lives of their predecessors and to learn more about the conditions that abounded at those times.

To those researchers, it is a treat to discover the family home still standing and an opportunity to talk to the present inhabitants. In Charlotte County, it is not unusual to find descendants still inhabiting the old homestead. Fire or the elements may have ravished the original dwelling, but the land remains.

Recently a new dimension has been added to genealogy, the result of modern technology and the ability of surgeons to transplant organs and tissue. Naturally, the success of these operations depends upon compatibility between donor and recipient. Genealogy can also be beneficial to future generations in determining the occurrence of genetic defects, disorders and diseases. More on this subject at a later date.

Friendship lasts a day, kinship endures forever

- Ancient Sumerian Proverb

Queries:

5. ROLAND HIGGINS (mom penciled in HUGGINS) b. ca 1819. mar. SOPHIA LANE, dau. of WILLIAMS LANE AND MARY (POLLY RYAN (from St. A.) who lived in Bog Brook near Calais. (The Lanes rowed across the river to attend the First St. Stephen Baptist Church at the Ledge.) CH: MINERVA, AMELIA, ELLEN, THEODORE, Other? 1851 lived in St. Andrews Par. Before 1861 moved to Calais area. Shipbuilder. Seek info on parents, siblings, shipbuilding activities, etc.

6. ISAAC BRYANT b. ca. 1796, Arr. in NB from US ca 1826. 1851 lived in St. A. Par. and was lame. Mar. ELIZABETH BOLES, arr. from Ireland ca. 1830. Poss. from Scotch or Whittier Ridge before her marr. CH: STEVADORE THOMAS (?), ELIZABETH EMMA ?, JANE SARAH ANN ?, ISAAC (IKE), WILLIAM JAMES FAIRFIELD, MARY, JOHN C., DAVID, JOSEPH, NANCY DANFORD. Seek ingo on these families - parents, siblings, origins, etc.

A Gift For Giving (top)

By F.E. McConvey

Thinking about Christmas? Consider a genealogical one. Absurd? Not at all!

Christmas has different meanings for everyone. Little children eagerly await the thumping arrival of HO! HO! with his bundle of goodies. Adults, caught up in the hasty, hectic whirl of gift buyingwrappinghidingmailing often lose sight of the true meaning of this day. For others living alone or away from the circle of family and friends, this can be the loneliest and most depressing season of the year.

Whether celebrated as a religious day of rejoicing or treated as just another paid holiday, to nearly all, this is the day for family gatherings, fellowship and telephone greetings.

For families who are scattered and rarely in contact with one another, what better time to begin a "round-robin" letter. No, I don't mean those photocopied "brag bulletins" that some take great delight in forwarding to others less fortunate than themselves--

"Bob was promoted to vice-president in Charge of Dandelion Plucking in February, so we celebrated by taking a world cruise. Of course, we did think about you.

"He bought me a mink stole for my birthday which I wear to the supermarket, saving my full-length sable for special occasions." etc., etc., ad nauseam.

No, I refer to letters of pleasant, homey nature based on everyday happenings in your life.

Tell them about the neat catch that saved the new dentures from shattering against the windshield when a violent sneeze exploded them out of your mouth while driving to work.

Tell them about the fun times, the zany happenings and the sad incidents that have occurred. Add a photo of the baby, the dog, or the birdhouse that seven-year-old Jimmy built himself. Throw in some drawings by the children. Make your letter a family affair, get everyone involved; then send it along to your brother Ted in Halifax who you haven't seen for two years.

Ted and his family then add their letters, pictures, or whatever buy a bigger envelope and mail the expanded letter to Uncle Henry and Aunt Clara in Bangor.

Onward through the family the bundle goes, spreading joy and delight, growing in size until once again it returns to the original sender.

Here, the initial letter is removed, new materials inserted and the packet sent along the same route once again.

In this way, each family branch has the opportunity of keeping touch without writing almost identical letters to several different relatives.

Cassettes and videos could be substituted for letters.

Several years ago, my mother gave me a gift which I regard as a valued possession. She had purchased the picture frame with all the little openings in it.

In one oval is this tiny wrinkled lady struggling to hold down a bald-headed blimp blowing spit bubbles--none other than yours truly and great grandmother LuLu.

The rectangle reveals a fine looking gentleman with a sleeping bundle in his arms. Again, yours truly with great-grandfather Ed, who died shortly afterwards.

A square shows a Boston bull terrier intently watching a little girl. Yes, that was Tippy, who lost the race with a loaded hay truck at a later date.

Another, pictures a wrinkled-stickinged chuck sporting a grin like a crack in a pie and a hairdo that would be the envy of any Fiji Islander. My aunts, some of whom weren't that much older than I, rolled my hair in pipe stems. Oh, was I ever proud of those tight curls! More importantly, in the background stands my grandfather's house which was burned in the intervening years.

This idea is an excellent, lasting gift for a parent or grandparent to give a younger person. No negatives, you say? No problem. Most film studios and mail supply houses can reproduce a print from an old photo.

There is also a bonus feature from this type of present. Happy memories are revived and occasions relived while going through the album to select suitable photos.

My father has several brothers and sisters, most of whom live in this area. One girl, however, has spent all her married life in the western provinces. Letters were exchanged over the years, but as time slowly ticked by, the cousins became only names to one another. As they grew and produced families of their own, the gap widened.

This aunt put faces on the names on her descendants for the eastern relatives by sending mini albums to each of her brothers and sisters.

Inside was a picture of Bert and Norma, followed by their children, ranging from oldest to youngest, within their own family groups. One the page facing each photo were their names.

This is an additional example of enduring family gift, even for someone not interested in genealogy. (Yes, there are a few.)

(to be continued)

QUERIES

7. Lucy Greenlaw d. 1908, second wife of GEORGE H. HAWTHORNE ((1837-1917). CH: ROBERTA GEORGIE, WILLIE, AND HILL GILMORE. Require info on parents, siblings, birth, etc.

8. Hannah (Ann) Greelaw b. 1797 at St. Andrews, NB. Marr. Jan. 1, 1822 to PETER MALLOCH. Lived on Deer Is., NB. 1851, 1861 lived on Campobello. Seek any info.

A Gift For Giving (II) (top)

by F.E. McConvey

Do you have a flair for writing? A collection of your childhood memories makes an ideal gift for someone on your list.

Describe the family home. Recount the experiences that you, your parents, brothers, sisters, and chums shared. Draw the word sketches of your life within the family unit.

This brings to mind the tale that aunt Grace related to me several years ago.

She decided, at a tender age, that biting was cute and clever, so she tested her strength of her teeth on anyone not wary enough to avoid her. What she gained in attention, negative though it was, offset her lack of popularity.

Having tormented the older ones, her next victim was defenseless young Ken, just barely a toddling. Jealously, I suppose, prompted her to give him an especially vicious nip that drew blood. His screams also drew her mother and grandmother to the scene.

Oh, Oh, thought Grace to herself, this isn't a good place to be. With that, off she sped with Grandmother Pye (penciled in Bryant) in hot pursuit. Down across the fields they raced, like Roadrunner and Coyote, to the orchard where Grace scampered up the trunk of a sloping apple tree. Within a few minutes, Grandmother huffed and puffed at the base of the tree.

Grace, bolstered by the knowledge that she had outrun this little lady, thought she had outsmarted her as well.

The thumbs went to the ears. The fingers saucily waggled. Her tongue darted in and out, accompanied by rude noises that emitted each breath. For good measure, she threw in the occasional. NA NANA-NA NA NAH, Can't catch ME! chanted in that pert sing-song that children employ.

You can well imagine the shocked expression that appeared on her face when Grandmother very calmly leaned over and bit her on the back of the leg.

Her perch seemed as high as the sky, but she had run up that tree and displayed those antics at just the proper height for Grandmother to repay her for these indignities. Needless to say, it cured Grace of the biting habit.

Every family has traditions and customs that have developed over the years, especially at birthday, anniversaries and Christmas.

One family always opens their Christmas gifts around midnight after the grandparents have arrived. The children roused from their slumbers and the fun begins.

After this is completed, everyone in the group advances to the next family dwelling, where the process is repeated. These visitations continue from house to house until the wee hours of the morning when all the families congregate at the home of the grandparents to participate in their gift opening and enjoy breakfast together.

Attractively bind your stories together into a book and it will become a cherished possession for generations.

Have you learned the beautiful art of penmanship known as calligraphy?

Copy the marriages, births and deaths from the old family Bible in your possession. Reproduce an old marriage or baptismal certificate. If really artistic surround it with ornate artwork. This art form first introduced to North America at the time of William Penn, is know as fractur(fräl-túr- n,. German) writing and was developed from a German typeface in the 1500's. The originators adorned their text with gaily colored borders of unicorns, birds, flowers and geometric designs done in the style we easily recognize today as Pennsylvania Dutch.

A gift of this nature will be highly prizes, not only for its content, but for your workmanship.

Is there a new bride in the family? Buy a recipe box, or better still, make a wooden one. Insert favorite family recipes that have been passed down from mother to daughter. One the reverse, record any little story that is connect with the recipe and its origin.

In my file is one labeled Cecil Hanson's Rolls. It was given to me while in the ninth grade by my mother. That year in Home Ec., we were learning how to make bread rolls. Upon sampling the rolls I had brought from home to her, Mom immediately announced it was as tasteless as sawdust and hurled them into the stove. She then produced this recipe which will never receive such as insult.

Is quilting your thing? Why not make one for the newest addition, depicting the family tree? This is a gift to be lovingly passed down from one generation to the next, with fond memories of the one who created it.

Do some rubbings of old family tombstones and send them to someone working on the family tree and living away from the area.

Another gift for someone is these circumstances is a map. Maps showing the land grants of this area are very useful and interesting, not to mention one of Charlotte County outlining all the parish lines. These, plus others, are available for a nominal sum at the Forestry Office in St. Stephen.

Books are always the old standby. They are valuable, informative tools for both genealogist and historian.

In St. Stephen, there are several titles on local history available. Once of these is Beginnings, The Settlement of the St. Croix Valley by the Rev.I.C. Knowlton. These annals of St. Stephen and Calais were first published in 1875 and have been reprinted by Print n' Press, along with many others of a similar nature. These particular book contains good information on the early families.

The New Brunswick Museum in Saint John has quite a list of publications available. Included are histories of New Brunswick, books on Irish emigration and genealogical renderings --fifteen volumes of vital statistics taken from the province's newspapers for the period of 1784-1856 and census reports (1851) for Charlotte and other counties, for starters. There are several selections on Acadia and its people and accounts on the military for people with that interest.

The prices are moderate, so write requesting a booklist - for yourself, if not for giving.

Thinking about Christmas? Consider a genealogical one. It's no so absurd, is it?

* * *

Genealogy Workshop - Saturday, Dec. 5 from 1 to 5 pm. at the Charlotte County Archives (old Gaol) Frederick St., St, Andrews. Subject-- Sources. Informal gathering. No fee. Bring a problem, a query and a friend. See you there.

QUERIES

9. JAMES F. GREENLAW: From Cherryfield, ME area. b. ca 1824/5. Mar. MARGARET McCLELLAND of Bayside, NB. CH: NAOMI, ADA, ANGELINE, MARTIN, JOHN, AUGUSTUS, HERBERT & JOSEPH. Seek any info on parents, siblings, other relatives.

Family Relationships (top)

by F.E. McConvey

Sorting out family relationships has always presented problems for people. In this column, we shall simplify these brain bogglers.

Few families have relationships as complex as my own: I am the oldest of nine children; but, an only child. My parents are my aunt and uncle; whereas, my aunt and uncle are my parents. My brothers and sisters are my first cousins - and, I have three sets of grandparents! Does this sound like a mess? It's not, really. I was adopted within the family and the two fathers involved happened to be identical twin brothers. I have no problem with the situation, but other people tend to become confused.

In the majority of families, the relationships of mothers and fathers present no difficulties, not do those of brothers and sisters, unless one parent or possibility both have been wed more than once.

Siblings - Brothers and Sisters

Full Brothers/Sisters - children born of the same parents.

Half-Brothers/ Sisters - Children related through a previous marriage of the parents, but not by blood.

It is possible to have all of these relationships in one family unit as shown by this example:

Ida Richardson married Clarence Bartlett. They had a son, Melvin, who survived childhood.

After the death of Clarence, Ida married, a gentleman named Frank Gilman, who also had been previously married. Howard Gilman was his son by the first wife.

This union between Ida (Richardson) Bartlett and Frank Gilman produced two daughters, Villa and Louise Gilman. (Villa died at an early age, but Louise still spreads sunshine to those around her.)

Melvin Bartlett and Howard Gilman are step-brothers. Their relationship, the result of the marriage of their parents, is not by blood.

Melvin Bartlett is a half-brother to Villa and Lousie. They share the same father, but where to different mothers.

Howard Gilman is also a half-brother to Villa and Louise. They share the same father, but were born to different mothers.

Villa and Louise are full sisters, the daughters of the same parents.

Many people have great difficulties in determining the relationships of cousins beyond the first. "Once removed" is the phrase that has created most of the confusion in this regard. These words simply mean "one generation removed".

First Cousins - children of brothers and sisters. The terms own cousins, full cousins and cousins-german are also used.

First Cousins Once Removed - a first cousin and the child of a first cousin (one generation removed from a first cousin)

First Cousins Twice Removed - a first cousin and the grandchild of a first cousin (two generations removed from a first cousin).

Second Cousins - children of first cousins.

Third Cousins - grandchildren of the first cousins.

The following chart sets out these relationships more clearly and will assist in making them more easily understood.

There may also be double first cousins in your family. This relationship is the result of marriages between two brothers and two sisters. i.e. Henry Irwin married Tilly Willey. Henry's brother, Ed married Tilly's sister, Delta. The children from these two unions are known as double first cousins.

With the passing years, the usage of some words has changed. IN colonial times, it was not uncommon for a stepmother to be called mother-in-law. The word cousin might have referred to any relative, or even a dear friend.

In the not so long ago, youngsters applied, "uncle" or "aunt" to any adult with whom they were familiar. These titles were token of respect, even if the person was not related.

These guidelines will help you to figure out how you're related to that long lost cousin who arrives at your door with an incomplete genealogy in hand. Have fun.

Genealogy Workshop

WHEN: Saturday, Dec. 5, 1978 - 1-5 pm.

WHERE: Charlotte County Archives (Old Gaol)

Frederick Street

St. Andrews, NB

SUBJECT : Sources

QUERIES

10. seeks info on the following families; STYLES, McCURDY, TRIM, CRAIG, McGIER, FISHER, VERNON, BRAY, KELLY(KELLEY), HANSON AND FERRISH (FARRISH).

A Reader Speaks Out (top)

by F.E. McConvey

The mail has spewed forth an epistle from local genealogist George Haney who has been researching his family for upwards of 25 years.

Over the course of time, the different methods of recording the date have given George a considerable amount of trouble. Therefore, in his letter he has stated, very emphatically, I might add, that under no circumstances should numerals alone be used to represent this very vital data. In addition, he was not in favor of my suggestion of using a Roman numeral for the mont hand had put forth valid reasons for these statements.

Naturally, if everyone were consistent, there would be no problems. In Canada, the accepted way of writing the date numerically is day/month/ year. Across the river (in the United States for those unfamiliar with this local expression), the opposite is true. This, it is month/day/year. Living in a border area compounds the mess because people switch indiscriminately from one system to the other, often without being aware of the fact.

In a previous column, I had advised against the use of a numerical arrangement. It is quite apparent that George feels that my simple statement was not forceful enough. Here's why--

A few years ago, he stumbled across a book containing 30 pages of family histories from a small settlement just south of Calais. The writer went to great lengths to include as many dates as possible, some extending back into the 18th century.

The book took considerable time and effort to compile and held a substantial amount of information. Unfortunately, several different methods were employed in recording the dates, rendering that portion of the book useless.

As well, he points out that some newsletters containing valuable data on families from this area use the numerical date system. It is hope that the editor will take note and change to the procedure outlined here.

Both George and I are taking a firm stand and advocate that LETTERS only be used to record the month. If everyone will begin to do this, it will not only end the confusion forever, but will eliminate the need for future correction of works that are in progress.

December 9, 1987; 09 December 1987 or the abbreviated forms Dec 9, 1987; 09 Dec 1987 leave no possible change for error to creep into your family history - nor or at a later date. Let's go for it!.

* * *

Some Dates of Interest

1527 -- Jean Allefonsce, a French master-pilot explored the river of Norumbega (probably the Penobscot) around this time.

1556 -- Thevet, a French geographer followed the North American coast from Florida to Newfoundland on his return voyage to France from Brazil.

1568 -- Three white men, survivors of an unsuccessful expedition to Mexico let by Sir John Hawkins, were put ashore at the Gulf of Mexico. They made their way north and east. By following the coastline they finally reached the St. John River where they found a French trading ship which returned them to Europe. David Ingram, one of these adventurers write a colorful narration of this journey.

1604 -- Pierre du Guast, the Sieur de Monts, with Samuel de Champlain and Baron de Poutrincourt established a settlement at St. Croix.

1605 -- Capt. George Waymouth visited Monhegan and captured five Indians. The hostilities directed towards the whites along the Maine coast were a direct result of this incident.

1607 -- An unsuccessful attempt of British colonization in New England was begun at the site of the present village of Popham at the mouth of the Kennebec.

1611 -- An Indian mission on the Penobscot was founded by Father Biard. This was the antecedent of the present Indian church at Oldtown.

1613 -- the Jesuits established the first monastery east of California on Mount Desert Island.

1785 -- A separation Charter was granted to form the Province of New Brunswick. The area had formerly been Sunbury County, Nova Scotia.

1824 -- Census of New Brunswick showed the following statistics:

1825 -- St. Andrews was considered a frontier town. The two principal streets ran parallel to the water. In the town were the following; The Kirk, Grammar School, Court House and Gaol, Printing Office, Bank of Commerce, Savings Bank, Bible Society and an Agriculture and Emigrant Society for the county.

QUERIES

11. EMMA WILSON: b. May 13, 1850 at Tower Hill, NB d. Jan 18, 1829 at Calais, ME. Dau. of WILLIAM and ? WILSON. Mar. CHARLES E. EYE of Calais, ME in Jun 1871. Seek her mother, siblings and grandparents.

Down to Serious Business (top)

by F.E. McConvey

After setting down the basic data about your family, as outlined in a previous column, it becomes necessary to complete the missing details by seeking other sources.

One of the most important features in genealogy is being able to verify your information. If anyone questions a name, date or place, you will want to be able to tell him where it was obtained. For this reason, it is essential to maintain a reference file. Too late I realized this and now spend much of my time backtracking in order to authenticate my facts. Believe me, it is much simpler to do this exercise properly from the very beginning.

Naturally, there are several methods of setting up a reference file, but a system using three-ring binders and loose leaf has worked well for me.

At the top of each sheet I write the person's name, surname first. In the case of females, I used the maiden name, if known, and cross-reference to her married name. As information is found on this person, it is recorded on the sheet, or additional pages as required. In this way I can locate the source of any bit of information I have recorded.

By filing these sheets alphabetically, any reference record is quickly located. In addition, any correspondence about that person can be filed beside his sheets.

Here is a sample of the Reference Sheet on my great-great-great-grandfather.

McCLELAND, MARTIN

REF: Lena Lawrence 1944

Martin McLellan married Margaret Leslie in Ireland, probably about 1820.

Children: Nancy, also called Ann m. James Arvin, California; Jane , Chrisopher Greenlaw, Lower Bayside; Margaret m. James Greenlaws, Upper Bayside; Ellen Louise m. James McFarlane, Lower Bayside; Sarah Matilda m. James Ross, St. Andrews.

He was a North of Ireland Scot. Presbyterian. He was forty years old when he married Margaret Leslie. They came to Canada and took up a grant of land in Bayside.

Martin was a weaver and worked his trade at home. His daughter Margaret living on the homeplace with her husband and continued the work of weaving.

REF: Greenock Presbyterian Church Records, St. Andrews, NB

Baptised Oct. 21 1842, daughters of Martin McLelland and Margaret Leslie by the Rev. H.? Thompson

Nancy born February 12, 1822

Jane born March 1, 1824

Margaret Ann born February 11, 1826

Helen Lousia born August 10, 1828

Sarah Matilda born June 10, 1830

REF: Land Petition 1827 - Reel #F4210

A British subject. Born in Ireland. Has resided in this province for five years. Aged 32. Is married and has three children. Two hundred acres includes a small improvement and log house made by petitioner.

Date December 5, 1825 at St. Andrews

Signed by Colin Campbell and Martin McCleland.

REF: 1851 Census St. Andrew Parish, Charlotte Co., NB Page 91

* * *

Bringing all the data together enables any inaccuracies to be spotted more easily.

For instance, the statement that Martin was 40 years old when he married, has to be wrong. When he petitioned for the land grant in 1826, he was only 32, making his birth around 1974. The 1851 Census report also fixes his birth around this time.

From this record, it is also evident that Martin McCleland did not arrive in this country in 1829, as indicated by the census report. He had been on his land as early as 1922. We can also perceive that it was impossible for the daughters Jane and Ellen to have been born in Ireland.

Note also the various spellings of the surname. I prefer the form he used in his signature. When recording data, write the names exactly as you find them in the original documents.

It is wise to develop the habit of carrying a notebook and pencil constantly because one never knows when he might stumble across something of interest pertaining to his family. A notebook eliminates the necessity of pawing through stacks of irregular scraps of paper on which notes have been taken.

My personal preference is a coil-bound, three ring page, lined scribbler measure 6"x9" because it fits easily into my purse.

Wooden pencils always require sharpening; therefore, I avoid them, a dull pencil being indicative of a dull mind, and use the mechanical type that require the 0.5 mm refills. They are always dependable, sharp and ready. Extra leads can be stored inside so there is never the possibility of running out or breaking at a crucial moment.

Always write the source and date of any entries in your "field book". Once home, the information can be transferred to your reference sheets.

QUERIES

12. THOMAS B. ADAMS: b.ca 1815. Married HARRIETT C. LLOYD. 1851 lived in Bayside, NB. CH: FRANCES, EMMA ALINDA and THOMAS CALVIN. Went to CA in 1850's. May have been captain of the PAVILLION or JOHN ENDERA. d. 1882 in Eastport, ME at home of daughter, MRS. EBEN HOLMES. Seek any info on his parents, siblings, birth, where married, etc, and on his sea-faring life.

Sources: Newspapers (top)

by F.E. McConvey

A short time ago there appeared in a newspaper column, an extremely tasteless and tactless question concerning "In Memoriam's."

The reply contained a great deal of fancy footwork that completely side-stepped the question, but supplied one of the best examples of the not-so-old adage, "Bullroar baffles brains" that I have ever seen.

Seeing that they broached the subject, there is no sense in my letting this opportunity slide.

Many people cannot allow the death anniversary of a loved one to slip past unnoticed. Some visit the grave site and place flowers there or donate a stained-glass window to their church; while others insert a memoriam in the local paper. Even though I do not participate in these practices, I feel that they are neither "ghoulish" nor "an attempt to assuage some sort of guilt." Even if they were, what harm is done?

From a positive point of view, "In Memoriam's" are a treasure trove of information. Take time to examine some of the entries. Here are the data that can be gleaned:

1. Complete name

2. Date of Death

3. Cause of death, particularly if accidental.

4. Place of death.

5. Names and relationships of family members

6 Photographs.

From the Courier of Nov. 25, 1987 there are memoriam's for those who had died in 1954 and 1956. In my estimation, a person still lives until his name has completely vanished from the lips and memories of his friends and family. The "In Memoriam's" are one way of keeping these memories alive.

Social columns provide a wealth of information for the genealogist. They also serve the purpose of keeping people informed of the happenings. "Down Home."

For centuries our Maritime provinces have had little to export except brain power. This is one of the reasons why the larger provinces are so prosperous.

When I lived in Ontario I was so hungry for news from home that I watched each mail for my copy of the Courier. When it finally arrived, I gorged myself on its contents. The council reports and political stories were fine, but it wa the news about the people, that satisfied the hunger.

It was a sad day, both for genealogists and those living away from the area, when the regular social notes for St. Stephen and St .Andrews ceased to exist in the Courier. Fortunately, the columns from the smaller towns and rural communities have managed to survive.

Social columns can provide this information:

1. Names and family relationships

2. Places of residents

3. Births, death, weddings and anniversaries within family, occasional with dates.

4. Occupations

5. Sickness or medical problems

Study this example taken from a Courier:

Congratulations to Mr. and Mrs. Mark Young on the birth of a son, Duston Kendyl, a brother for Devin and Brittany. Proud grandparents are Mr. and Mrs. David Rogerson and Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Young.

Data supplied: Three generations of family names.

Year of birth for Dustin Kendyl

Name of his Siblings

Maiden surname of his mother.

Social notes provide the nutrients that keep newspaper circulation healthy and well, now and in the future. do not mistake them for cheap fillers that make the food stretch farther.

It goes without saying that birth and death notices; engagement and marriage announcements plus the "At Home" are valuable sources of genealogical information too.

Obituaries generally reveal more information about an individual that the death notice. Even though it is a very difficult time for the family, care must be taken to ensure that certain information is contained in an obituary. Life goes on someday, future generations will be sorting through reams of microfilm looking up material for the family tree. Do not disappoint them by writing an obituary that supplies little or no information.

The guidelines below give the absolute minimum of data that should be contained in an obituary:

1. Full Name and Nickname of deceased i. e. John (Jack) Doe

2. Date and Place of birth

3. Date and place of death

4. Religious affiliation

5. Pallbearers

6. Place of interment

7. Education

8. Occupation and place of business

9. Hobbies and interests

10. Membership in clubs and organizations.

11. Name and resident (or origins) of parents, including mother's maiden name, i.e. John and Jane (Person) Doe formerly of Scotch Ridge, NB.

12. Names and residences of siblings, including names of any married sister's spouse, i.e. Jane (Mrs. John Doe) of Baltimore, MD

13. Name of spouse, including maiden name and origin. i.e. Mary Jane (Doe) from Newcastle, NB.

14. Names and residences of children, including the name of any married daughter's spouse.

Ideally, an obituary would also contain the names of grandparents, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren and a photograph of the deceased.

To end on a more joyful note, marriage write-ups also supply many details for the family researcher. Again, carefully plan the writing with an eye to the upcoming generations.

QUERIES

13. CHARLOTTE (GARNETT) McELWEE: of Lepreau. Married ALEXANDER McELWEE in Milltown, NB on April 4, 1880. Seek info on parents, siblings and children.

Purpose: Genealogy (top)

by F.E. McConvey

On Saturday, Dec. 5, a genealogy workshop, conducted by Ann Rigby, was held at the Charlotte County Archives in St. Andrews.

An excellent cross-section of genealogists turned out for the occasion, with a good mixture of young and old; inexperienced and "old pros." The communities of St. Andrews, St.Stephen and surrounding districts were well represented, but there was a noticeable absence of anyone from the St. George area. Is nobody from that part of the county involved in genealogy??? SOURCES was the topic of this gathering.

Ann pointed out that genealogy consists of more than just one assembling of names and dates. The history of the a family, plus the stories about its members are the details that make these relatives from the past seem "real" to the present generations. Local historical events also play an important role in the account of one's family.

Any information that one can obtain from the oldest members of his family is good. These relatives can often supply details about births, marriages and deaths. Often, they will possess bibles which contain the family records. If they will allow these pages to be photocopied, you are very fortunate, indeed. If not, carefully record the details, making certain there are no errors in your transcription.

Write down the family stories as well. Ann related a story about a Captain McCurdy who stopped at the Ledge to visit his family. He then sailed off into the Saxby Gale, never to be seen again.

Basically, the facts of this episode are correct. There was a Captain McCurdy- and, her was lost at sea. However, it was during a hurricane that occurred in 1847 rather than the Saxby Gale which swept this area in 1869.

Memories dim with time, so the teller of the story of a story may have the wrong person, or even the wrong time, but the bare facts are generally true.

A good point presented was the importance of having a methodical system of keeping your information. Ann went over the use of PEDIGREE CHARTS, which show several generations at a glance, and FAMILY GROUP SHEETS that contain data on a father and mother, plus their offspring.

It is good to remember that mistakes do occur, even in official records. These sources are only good as the information that has been supplied to the recorder. People have been known to lie about their ages.

Elinor Mawson recounted a tale about one family who attempted to disguise that fact that a son was mentally handicapped. They pretended that he was younger than his actual age. In later years, when the proper time arrived for this person to apply for his Old Age Pension, he encountered numerous problems brought on by his family's deceit.

Briefly, I shall highlight the other sources covers:

CENSUS RECORDS from 1851-1891 are now available on microfilm. Films for the entire province are housed at the Provincial Archives in Fredericton and are available on inter-library loan. The reports of Charlotte County can be viewed at the local archives.

Previously to 1851, the census reports were statistical reports and only names listed were heads of households. Once exception is Grand Manan which produced an informative census in 1821.

After 1851 more data was given on the families, including names, ages, origins, religion, etc.

MARRIAGE REGISTERS. Before 1820, only the Church of England could perform marriages in New Brunswick. On occasions when it was impossible for a bride and groom to travel to a distant church, a magistrate was allowed to perform the rite.

Sometimes, the marriages were not turned in. Therefore, it is possible to find a marriage in the church records, or announced in the local paper, but not in the marriage register.

BIRTH RECORDS . In 1887, the Province of New Brunswick commenced recording all births. Before this date there were no official records. Family bibles and christening records are the only available sources.

DEATH RECORDS were not registered by the province until the same period. Searches before that time must be made in church records, family bibles and cemetery records.

During the span of year from 1889-1920, the County of St. John kept detailed death records. They often disclose the cause of death, last residence, and the father's name. They are on microfilm at the Provincial Archives.

LAND PETITIONS. There are indexed alphabetically, by year, at the Provincial Archives. The earlier petitions given more information about the petitioner than the ones after 1850.

REGISTRY OF DEEDS. The originals for Charlotte County are located at the Registry Office in St. Andrews. Those who have researched these records reported that Dalton Johnston has been most cooperative and will make photocopies, if he has time. There is a fee for searching these records. Microfilmed ones are available at the Provincial Archives.

ASSESSMENT RECORDS. The older ones have been microfilmed. One can shuffle through a great deal of film to find the information, but it is usually worth the effort.

TEACHER CERTIFICATES. Information on certificates, payments and recommendations are available at the Provincial Archives. They have been indexed. In 1844, a survey was done on every school in this province.

PASSENGER LISTS. There are very few available, but they keep turning up. The ones that can be viewed at the Provincial Archives cover a period from the 1830's to 1840's. They give information about families, ages and origins.

The New Brunswick Genealogical Society has just published a book on Passengers Lists.

VITAL STATISTICS. This department of the Province of New Brunswick is not very genial to genealogists -- plus, they charge a fee of $25 to conduct a search covering a three-year period. If that exact date is known and a certificate is required for legal purposes, the charge is only $10. It is worthy to note that only a certified birth certificate lists the names of the parents.

SUPREME COURT RECORDS. These are now available at the Provincial Archives to 1820. Unfortunately, they are not microfilmed. Often the information is found on little snippets of paper.

DIRECTORIES were frequently prepared for cities, towns and counties. Boston has directories from a very early date. The directories of Calais for the years 1890, 1986, and 1901 also contain listings for St. Stephen.

PREVIOUS WORKS. Always check to see if someone has already done the research of your family. Never accept these works as fact, even though they may look quite impressive in print. Use them only as guides for your own research.

Here, everyone broke for coffee and doughnuts and we never did return to the meeting room, as a group.

In every corner were people exchanging information and ideas. Experienced researchers showed beginners how to look up microfilms and gave them instructions on using the readers. You will be sure to hear more from some of the conversations that took place. From all indications, there was a definite interest for the formation of an informal genealogical group. If you have any ideas to offer, please let me know.

This workshop was so successful, there are bound to be more in the future--keep watching for them.

Times and Seasons (top)

by F.E. McConvey

Down with the old; up with the new! These are familiar words at the beginning of the new year. One of the first old articles to be cast aside is the tattered, spent calendar which is promptly replaced by a bright, shiny new edition that everyone hopes will be full of joy and good fortune.

We admire the scenes, read the advertising, mark the birthdays and special events, but never give a thought about the calendar itself. Keeping track of the days and seasons was just as important to ancient man as it is during this enlightened age of computers and satellites.

Calendars developed because it was essential to measure periods of time for agriculture, business, domestic and religious reasons.

The first practical calendar to meet these requirements originated with the Egyptians. This was, in turn, modified by the Romans into the Julian Calendar was not operating properly for 48 years after it's initiation in 45 B.C. Even then, because of the lengths of the day was in error, plus other miscalculations, the phases of the seasons and the days of the calendar gradually drifted apart.

The form we now use is known as the Gregorian Calendar. It was adopted in 1582 by France, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal and Spain after a papal bill (official document) was issued by Pope Gregory XIII.

The Church felt that changes were necessary to allow the seasons to get back into step with the calendar. In order to put the first day of Spring back where it belonged, in that year October 5 became October 15th. (Spring begins with the vernal equinox which occurs when the sun crosses the celestial equator causing the days and nights to become equal.)

This New Style, as it was called, opposed to the Old Style, or Julian Calendar also showed how to reckon the date for the celebration of Easter. In addition, January 1 was established as the beginning of its year.

Meanwhile, back at the ranch....as there was a great deal of dissention in the world (is anything really new?), not everyone was willing to accept this new idea. Most of the other European countries clung to the familiar Julian Calendar.

By 1548 Belgium, part of the Netherlands and most of the Roman Catholic states in Germany, had made the switch.

The change in Switzerland was extremely gradual. Can you imagine the confusion that must have risen during the 229 year (1583-1812) transition period?

Hungary accepted this new style in 1587, but not until 1699-1700 was it adopted in Denmark or the Protestant states of the Netherlands and Germany. Even so, the Germans calculated Easter by another method until 1776.

Sweden, in 1740, decided to follow the German dating of Easter, but converted to the other portions of the Gregorian Calendar in 1753. By 1844, the Swedes finally accepted the New Style in full.

Some countries around the world did not follow suit until more recently.

1867-- Alaska, when it became a possession of the United States.

1873--Japan

1875--Egypt

1912-1917--Albania, Bulgaria, China, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania

1918--Soviet Russia

1923--Greece

By the time Britain and her colonies decided to embrace the New Style calendar in 1752, the difference between the two systems amounted to eleven days. This was rectified by changing Sept. 3, 1752 to Sept.14, 1752, but not without protests and riots from many of her citizens. To make matters more complicated, March 25 had been the first day of the new year under the Old Style.

In your genealogical searching's, you may find a date written with a document day as 10/21 April 1704. this shows the date for both styles of the calendar.

At certain times of the year, you may encounter another monster written as 15 January 1688/89. Because the year did not change in the Old Style (O.S.) until March 25, it was still 1688 on Jan.15. However, with the New Style (N.S.), the new year had begun on Jan.1.

Confused? How do you think George Washington felt when he saw his birthday written as 11/22 February 1731/32? No wonder he whacked down that tree!

One genealogist did some head scratching when she discovered the birth of her ancestor on Aug. 25, 1746. On the same page was the birth of her sister March 1, 1747. It took awhile to realize that the recorder was still using the Julian Calendar. Therefore, these two children were born over eighteen months apart. If you don't believe me, figure it out for yourself.

Thus, the Julian Calendar became obsolete, but the names given to the months by those ancient Romans remain with us.

JANUARY - for JANUS, in Roman mythology, the god of portals and of beginnings and endings. He was portrayed having two faces, looking in the opposite direction.

FEBRUARY - after FEBRU, a Roman purification festival celebrated on February 15.

MARCH - the month of MARS, Roman god of war.

APRIL - from the Latin, APRILIS.

MAY - month of MAIUS.

JUNE- JUNIUS, the month of Junii, a Roman family, members of which were M. Junuis Brutus, and D. Junius Brutus, the murderers of Julius Caesar.

JULY - named in honor of JULIUS Caesar in 44 B.C. Formerly it had been called Quintilius, the fifth month.

AUGUST - named in honour of Caesar AUGUSTUS in 8 B.C. This had been the sixth month known as Sextilius.

SEPTEMBER - from the Latin SEPTUM, seventh.

OCTOBER - from the Latin, OCTO, eight.

NOVEMBER - from the Latin, NOVEM, nine.

DECEMEBER - from the Latin, DECEM, ten.

To some, our calendar is less that satisfactory so reforms have been proposed. There are also many other calendars used by other cultures. We shall look at them in the future.

QUERIES

14. JAMES S. CHRISTIE: b. 13 Jan 1829. Mar. JANET CAMERON, dau. of DUNCAN and GEORGIANNA CAMERON. Resided in St. James Parish, NB. CH: JOSEPH E., GEORGE C., JOHN E., DAVID A., ADDIE J., JANET C., MAGGIE A., TROTT K., FRANK L. Require any info on this family.

Into The Bowels of Hell (top)

by F.E. McConvey

Were your forbears Irish? If so, they may have traveled to this country under the most appalling conditions during the 1800's.

Life on the Old Sod during the first half of the 19th century was no bed of roses, either. The country was over populated and bands of paupers roved up and down the highways and byways in search of food and shelter.

the end of the wars with Napoleon brought a slump to the market; therefore, farmers received next to nothing for their produce. The inevitable chain followed. Unable to pay the rent on their leased properties, tenants were evicted by landlords. In many instances, the vacant leases were grabbed by wealthy middlemen to be sublet at exorbitant fees.

Upwards of three million dwelled on small farms, ranging in size from one to 10 acres, where little was grown except potatoes and large families. Very few were fortunate enough to own a cow, but those living in the coastal areas enjoyed herring with their potatoes.

To add to their already miserable lot, the potato crop failed in 1821. The famine was relieved by an abundant harvest of "tattie" in 1822, but even this bounty was not sufficient to alleviate the sickness or the destitution.

One family was described as having ten or twelve members, living in squalor and abject poverty. Their abode was roofless and graced few intact windows. Inside, there were no furnishings. One iron kettle served both as a cooking pot and "a vessel to wash the tattered remains of their wretched garments in."

For most all hope was lost. Hunger and despair reigned supreme.

It is little wonder that they seized any opportunity to leave such a pitiable existence behind and emigrate to America.

With the increased passenger traffic across the Atlantic, overcrowding on ships soon resulted.

One ship of 300 tons crammed 450 passengers on board. Twenty-three of their numbers had to die before sleeping accommodations could be provided for all.

Many emigrants became the cargo and otherwise empty timber ships on their return voyages. In most cases, no bunks were provided on these vessels. Passengers curled up on the lower deck in whatever space was available.

Steerage on an emigrant ship has been described by Lloyd Hale as follows:

"Seventy-five feet long by 20 or 25 feet wide and 5 1/2 feet high. Berths were arranged in double rows on each side of five foot aisle. Each berth was designed to hold six adults and was ten feet wide by six feet long. The four rows of 13 berths might something over 300 people, while the aisle held their baggage, food supplies, and whatever else they had contrived to bring along with them."

"If the weather was bad, all passengers were confined to their narrow quarters and here they slept and ate, the children played. All the normal functions of life went on in the semi-darkness in an atmosphere that got thicker by the day until at the end of the period of confinement, investigators might be of the opinion that conditions in slave vessels were preferable to those that existed on many an emigrant ship."

The British government attempted to legislate better conditions limiting the numbers of passengers allowed for each ton of the ships register. It had little effect. Children under 14 were considered a half passenger; under seven, a third. Babes under a year were not even numbered.

Sadly, it does not end here. Rats from the hold made their way to steerage. Hunts were common and hundreds of these vile creatures were exterminated.

Fortunate, indeed, were those whose journey lasted only 30 days. More often, they were upon the sea for a duration of 50, 60, or even eighty days.

Can you imagine the stench that emitted from those unwashed decks after one of these voyages? Often it was impossible to hire a crew to throw out the ballast until the ship had aired for at least three weeks. Even then, the hirelings refused the job unless compensated by a substantial wage.

Many emigrants were obliged to provide their own food for the journey. A delayed sailing and/or an extended voyage could pay havoc with the supplies.

Foods had to be chosen carefully so they would keep until the end. Oatmeal was a basic. Unfortunately for the Irish, potatoes usually rotted within two weeks because of the dampness. Most foodstuff were pickled.

Usually the meat was putrid, crawling with maggots. The biscuits, full of weevils, could not be eaten until rapped soundly against the edge of the table to shake loose the inhabitants. Even the drinking was intolerable.

But, their miseries increased with the seasickness. The violent storms of the Atlantic flung them from side to side like rag dolls. The sea water leaked in upon them. Like animals, they huddled together for warmth.

Still, life went on. Babies were born amid the din and confusion. More often though, the emigrants died from the terrible diseased that swept these pestilence ships. Often they survived the ordeal, reached the new land of their hopes and dreams, only to died while still in quarantine.

So many arrived in such a sorry state, they became financial burdens upon the port where they had disembarked. IN order to offset these costs, a tax of five shillings was levied for each passenger who landed in Lower Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.

This is one of the reasons why ships' passenger lists are so difficult to locate. Captains, increased only in their profit, often deliberately destroyed or conveniently misplaced the lists in their attempts to avoid paying the tax.

These Irish still had plenty of hard times to face, but as the years passed, through sheer grit and determination, they managed to improve their lives.

Do you think you could endure similar hardships with the same gutsy spirit displayed by your ancestors?

QUERIES

15. JOSEPH PRICE From Haletown, Eng. in 1870. Son, ALFRED. Master stones cutter (McAdam Railway Station and Marks Street School). Seek the family bible, name of ship on which they arrived and any pictures of this family. Also, would like a copy of the history of the Marks Street School in St.Stephen written by TOM ACHESON.

Getting Personal I (top)

by F.E. McConvey

A person's name is his most personal means of identification, the first item exchanged with new friends. A forgotten name can cause the bruising of an ego. An individual may become provoked if his name is misspelled.

Some names are more common than others. Some are unique. Many have been handed down from generation to generation.

People are named after relatives, famous personages and places. Names have been take from books, soap operas and movies. People have combined names to produce new ones or have initiated originals. Many names rise and all in tides of popularity, but John and Mary continue to head the list.

Surnames came into being during the 1100's when the aristocrats in Venice adapted hereditary family names. This custom spread first to Ireland, France, England, Germany and thence to the other European countries.

Nearly all of these names will fall in the following categories:

1. Place names i.e. HILL

2. Antonyms, names formed by adding a prefix or a suffix to a proper name. i.e. JOHNSON

3. Occupational. i.e. SMITH

4. Descriptive. i.e. LONG

During the 1800's, there were a great many Irish names who came into Charlotte County. A glance at the 1851 census can easily substantiate this face. But, wait a minute. Many of these Irish possess Scottish names.

When is an Irishman a Scotsman? How can a Scotsman be Irish? To discover these answers we must delve into the realms of history. Never let it be said that history and genealogy can be separated.

The death of Queen Elizabeth I saw the end of rule in England by the Tudors. Until this time the powers of royalty had rarely been contested because neither the Church nor the nobles had enough strength to offer any opposition.

But, times were changing and the "middle" classes in England were waxing in strength and importance. Parliament spoke for the middle class and it was this same Parliament that eventually challenged the royal authority. This power struggle began with the reign of the Stuart's.

In 1603, James VI of Scotland became James I of England, Scotland and Ireland. This union of the two thrones forever removed any threat from England's northern enemy.

James, for all his cleverness and knowledge was once called, "the wisest fool in Christendom."

The present bloodshed and strife in Northern Ireland originated from his nefarious act of confiscating most the lands in Ulster from the Irish and planting English settlers upon it. The sole purpose of this deed was to demonstrate his aversion to Catholicism

For the most part, the settlers of the Plantations, as they have been names, were Lowland Scots, Presbyterian in faith. They wore no kilts and possessed no tartans. They were robust, daring, energetic and individualistic. Needless to say, they neither mingled not intermarried with the Irish. For this reason, historians have labeled them the Ulster Scots or the Scots-Irish because they were in reality, Scots living in Ireland.

Many left Ulster and journeyed to the New World. At the time of the American Revolution (the War of Independence, to our American friends) there were a quarter of a million Ulster Scots in the colonies, most of whom were loyal to the crown.

At one time, all surnames had meanings but many have been lost because of spelling corruptions. It has been only during the last two centuries that the study of correct spellings (orthography) has become important.

It is generally fact that the prefix MAC, meaning "son of" is Scottish, while MC is Irish. This is incorrect. MC is only on abbreviated form of MAC which both Scottish and Irish purists claim is an incorrect form. Many North Americans, especially those of Irish ancestry, use the contracted form.

Next week we shall continue with more Scottish names.

QUERIES

17. CARLOW Seek any information on CARLOW families of Bayside, NB, descendants of MARTIN and JOHN CARLOW, Loyalists. Some may have moved to Red Beach, ME.

Getting Personal II(top)

by F.E. McConvey

Scottish Names - continued

Highland names were generally patronymic in orgin, while those from the Lowlands reflected the Norman influence.

For more detailed information and additional names, be sure to read The Origins and Signification of Scottish Surnames with a Vocabulary of Christian Names by Clifford Stanley Sims. 1966.

QUERIES

18. DAVID FOLEY = CATHERINE JANE GORDON. Mar. in late 1820's or 1830's in Antigonish area of NS. CH: JAMES M. (1829?); JOHN A. (1838); MARIA (1839); MARY ?; EDWARD F. (1847); ELIZABETH (1852?); DAVID MORRIS; MARGERET and CATHERINE.

JOHN A. moved to Bangor, ME in 1862. EDWARD F. moved to Chicopee Falls, MA ca 1870, possibly via Cornwall, Ontario. JAMES M. m FLORA GILLES ca 1863 and seems to have remained in NS. Seek any info on this family.

Thank You Thelma (top)

by F.E. McConvey

Do you know Thelma? Perhaps not, but if it weren't for her, there would be no IN-LAWS, OUTLAWS AND KIN FOLK for you to enjoy.

It was a hectic day at the end of September. The morning had slipped by too quickly; very little had been accomplished. It was already past my normal lunch hour.

With a sigh of relief, I finally flopped onto my steno chair and prepared to devour my lunch. The phone rang. I tossed an icy glare in its direction. . Undaunted it rang again.

Oh, what to heck, thought I, leaning across the desk to reach the receiver. Little did I know, even as I spoke, that an entire new avenue was opening in my life.

Thelma Eye Brooks had arrived in town only that morning. Shortly after she breezed into the archives, Marguerite Garnett popped in, only for a minute. During the short coversation that ensued, Thelma learned about my research on the families of St. Croix Parish and decided she should contact me.

What a lady! Just recently retired, she tootles around in a Winnebago sized for one. In the storage area above the cab safely rides her many volumes of genealogical records.

We spent an enlightening evening together, becoming acquainted and exchanging information. There were so many notes to take, she often lamented because travelling did not agree with her photocopier.

Retirement has not slowed Thelma down - it has enabled her to devote more time to the pursuit to her first love, genealogy. In addition to working on her own family history. Thelma publishes a bimonthly newsletter.. Called the HERMON ROOTS NEWS, it offers genealogical data on the founding families (and their descendants) of Hermon, ME. If there is a HEWES, SWAN, PUMROY, BLAGDON, CARLIN, NEAL, SMITH or PAGE in your family, you may be interested in this publications. To order an annual subscription, remit $3.60 US to Thelma Brooks, Box 136, Waterville, ME 04901. Back issues are also available.

This busy lady also writes BRANCHES AND ROOTS, a genealogical column that appears in 55-PLUS, Maine's Weekly for Retirement Living. Queries may be sent to this column c'o the paper at 25 Silver St., Waterville, ME 04901.

On the following morning, Thelma was on the road to Newcastle where she hoped to find more facts on her maternal line.

A chance meeting, a new friend - a big change. Thank you, Thelma.

QUERIES

19a. SAMUEL SPRAGUE VI b. Nov 20, 1782 at Brington, MA. Moved to Pembroke, ME c.1786 with parents, SAMUEL & MARY SPRAGUE.

Q. Did he marry and have children in Pembroke, ME?

Moved to Back Bay, NB (near St. George) c1808. M. SARA LEE-?-, b. 1805 in USA. Arr. NB 1821; SLOAN b.1816 m. MARY GREENOUGH (GREENO) from NS; possibly more.

M. REBECCA-?-. (poss 3rd marr.)

REQUIRE MORE INFORMATION ON SAMUEL SPRAGUE, HIS MARRIAGES AND CHILDREN.

19b. SLOAN SPRAGUE = MARY GREENOUGH (GREENO) CH: NATHANIEL (Than or Thaniel) b. c 1842; SAMUEL b. c1844 m. REBECCA GARNETT (?); SUSAN b. c 1845; JOHN THOMAS b. Apr. 12, 1847 at Back Bay, NB (?) or Eastport, ME(?). d. Feb 6, 1933 at Milltown, NB. m. MARGARETT JANE ROY (these my great-grandparents); SLOAN b. c1848 m. GRACE JOHNSON(?); SARAH b. c1850 m1 EDWARD WESTWORTH (?); m2 EUGENE RICHER (?); SOPHRONIA (Fronie) m. -?- GARNETT (?); DANIEL; ANDREW m CATHERINE (LEAVITT) HATT (?). (It is believed that CATHERINE was the daughter of MARY & ELISHA LEAVITT and that sCTOhe m1 EDWARD HATT m2 ANDREW SPRAGUE; JAMES m NETTIE BARTLETT (?); ALLEN FREDERICK b. Sept. 2, 1854 at Back Bay,m NB. Oct 4 1934 at Back Bay, NB. m JOSEPHINE KINNEY; SUSAN; REBECCA d. age 7 at Back Bay, NN; MARY m. ANCIL BICKFORD. Moved to NH?

Several of these children died in their youth and are buried with their parents on the old homestead in Back Bay, NB

REQUIRE ANY INFO ON THE SURVIVING CHILDREN AND THEIR FAMILIES.

19c. ELISA LEAVITT (b. 1805 USA) = MARY (POLLY) SPRAGUE CH: NATHANIEL b. 1833; WILLIAM b. 1835; ELISHA b. 1837; REBECCA b. 1840; MARY b. 1841; DANIEL b. 1949; *CATHERINE (?) (poss m. ANDREW SPRAGUE, see 19b); *DAVID(?) b. c1826 m. ELEANOR --?--, b. c1831.

*NOTE: These children may not belong to this family. Parents could possibly be DAVID LEAVITT = CHRISTIANA -?-.

Several people have told the story of CATHERINE LEAVITT, but I can find nothing to substantiate it. I cannot find any records under the name CATHERINE. Could this be her middle name? I have also been told that she is the connection between the families of HATT, LEAVITT and SPRAGUE.

Q. Can anyone confirm this information?

WOULD APPRECIATE ANY INFO ON ALL OF THESE CHILDREN AND THEIR FAMILIES.

19d. the NB Census of 1851, Saint George Parish lists three LEAVITT families. One of these is covered in the Query 19c. I WOULD LIKE ANY ADDITIONAL INFO AVAILABLE, IN ORDER TO SORT OUT THE OTHER BRANCHES.

DAVID LEAVITT b. c.1791 = CHRISTINA b. c1804. CH: CHRISTIANA b. c1825; ELISHA b.c 1830; COLIN b. c 1832; GILBERT b. c.1834; SAMUEL b. c 1839; EBENEZER b. c 1845.

All of these children were born in NB.

Q. Is this family any relation to the LEAVITT family listed in 19c? If so, what is the relationship?

19e. DAVID LEAVITT b. c1826 = ELEANOR -?- b. c1821 NB. CH: ISRAEL b. 1850.

Also in this household were: **SAMUEL SPRAGUE b. c1783, Amer. Arr. NB c1808 = REBECCA b. c1785 in NB. and SUSAN TOWNSEND b. c1783. Sister-in-law.

**This is the SAMUEL SPRAGUE in 19a.

Q. When did wife SARAH LEE die? When did he marry REBECCA? Who was REBECCA?

Q. What relation is this DAVID LEAVITT to the other LEAVITTS in 19c & 19d?

Q. Who is SUSAN TOWNSEND? Sister to REBECCA? Any info on any of these families will be of assistance in sorting them out and establishing a link to the HATT family. Indo on the LEE family would also be appreciated.

19f. One of the LEAVITTS (now deceased) had a book or notes on the family. I believe her name was FLORA and she spent her last few years at the Collingwood Nursing Home in Blacks Harbour, NB. I think her sister married FRANK WOODARD of St. Stephen.

Does anyone have this book and/or notes? If so, could it be photocopied for me, or the information shared?

Sources: Census Reports (top)

by F.E. McConvey

One of the best data aids in the quest for your family tree is a census report.

Before the British controlled this vast expanse of land known as New Brunswick, it was under French domination. Therefore, the earliest reports available for the year 1617, 1686, 1693, 1695, 1698, 1701, 1703, 1714, 1731 and 1733 cover the Acadian families.

the British took a census during the years of 1762, 1763, 1776, and 1783. Unfortunatelky, for the most part, these reports are useless to the genealogist, except as statistical reports, because no names were recorded. On occassion, the names of the heads of households might be given.

After the creation of this province in 1784, there was no census taken until 1824. In the interim, there were some enumerations in scattered locations. At the Provincial Archives the following reports are available.

1803--Parish of Prince William; Hopewell; Sackville and Westmoreland.

1820-- Botsford; Dorchester.

1821-- Grand Manan (names the head of household and spouse).

1824-- Sackville.

During the years of 1824, 1834, and 1840, a census was undertaken on a province-wide scale. Regrettably, not one name was written down.

Not until 1851 was any detail recorded during an enumeration. This one supplies the names and ages of every family member, occupations, origins and the dates they arrive in this province. With each successive census the amount of information increased.

Census records are usually held by the government until 100 years has lapsed. Until the last year or so, only the reports to 1881 were available to researchers. There were some attempts by geanealogists to have the data released after a period of seventy-five years. At this time I have been unable to confirm where this have been accomplished, but I do know that the 1891 census is now available to the public.

It must be remembered that although census records are official documents, they do not always provide accurate information. There may be misspelled names or incorrect ages.

For example, my great-great-grandmother was six years younger than her husband in 1851. By 1861 there was only a difference in year. The 1871 census showed her as three years younger. When 1881 rolled around she became a year older that her spouse and finally in 1891 they were the same age.

On many occassions the handwritting of the enumerator is extremely difficult to decipher. But, by and large, census reports provide the best means for establishing family relationships. My own feeling is that the most recent reports tend to reflect the greatest accuracy because education was more widespread in the later generations.

You should also be aware of the fact that census reports for some parishes have become lost through carelessness, fires, etc. In this area the 1861 report for St. James Parish is missing.

Census reports from 1851 to 1891 are available on microfilm at the Provincial Archives in Fredericton. In addition to regular hours, theya re open on Saturdays for the conenience of those who work throughout the week.

Your local library can also order films on an inter-library laon. The librarian will have the forms to be completed.

Researchers throughout New Brunswick have been busy producing alphabetical editions of the census reports that have been made available in books. This is a slow, tedious project, but the number of volumes in gradually increasing. For anyone who can devote a few hours of time on a regular basis, this is an extremely worthy project.

The following census publications may be purchased from the Provincial Archives.:

These books are also available at the New Brunswick Museum in Saint John.

It is extremely simple for mistakes for appear in works of this nature because of illegibility of the original records and/or the researchers not being familiar with the names in a locality. The 1851 census for Charlotte County is no exception.

The folling errors have been noticed and should be corrected in your copy.

St. Andrews Parish (Vol. 1)

Page 159 HIGGINS, page 84. this is the family of ROLAND and SOPHIA (LANE) HUGGINS.

SOPHIA (LANE) HUGGINS.

Page 189 (MACKEE), page 77. This should read MARKEE, ANDREW, CATHERINE (THOMAS) NIXON (NICKSON).

Page 199, NICKERSON, page 100. This is the family of JAMES and CATHERINE (THOMAS) NIXON (NICKSON)

Page 199, NICKERSON, page 95., SAMUEL and JANE NIXON (NICKSON) were the parents of JAMES NIXON (NICKSON).

ST. DAVID'S PARISH (VOL. II)

Page 251 FOWLE, page 27. This the family of SARGEANT and DESIRE (TRIM) TOWLE.

If anyone has discovered any other names that require adjustment, please let me know so I can pass the information onto the readers.

QUERIES

20. WILLIAM LITTLE m. ANN GREENLAW on Sept 29 1819 in St. Andrews. He d. Dec. 16, 1872 and she d. Nov.18, 1871. Seek parents of both. Their dau. SUSANNAH (1821-1900) m. JOHN J. BARTLETT. Would like to correspond with anyone working on these families.

The Maine-New Brunswick Connection (top)

by F.E. McConvey

Having genealogical queries printed with its pages is nothing new for the Saint Croix Courier. Throughout the years people have written letters to the editor in hopes of finding information on their ancestors who had lived in the area during a bygone age.

In 1981, such a letter was published, both in the Courier and the Houlton Pioneer Times. As these things happen, there were no replies from this neck of the woods. However, the responses received from a second letter prompted Jane Gerow Dudley to publish a newsletter which was certainly the last thing on her mind when she dispatched those two queries.

Born during the early part of this century, Jane Gerow learned at a tender age from her father to be proud of her Huguenot ancestry. She always found this hertiage fascinating because tehre was not one Francophone in the immediate family, nor amongest the relatives -- and, the name certainly did not look French.

Whether she knew much about her family history during her youth, I do not know. During the late 1960's, a gift from her sister, Lois opened another new door in her life. This was a bound edition of the Gerow family, dating back to Daniel Gerow (Giraud), one of the first settlers of New Rochelle, MY.

Those who embraced the Protestant religion in France during the 16th and 17th centuries were know as Huguenots. IN these troubled times, people who did not adhere to the teachings of established churches were labelled as dessenter and were often severly persecuted. Many left their native lands for the New World where they could practise their religion with little interference. New Rochelle, celebrating its tercentenary this year, was one of the cities found by the Huguenots.

During the latter portion of 1960, Jane moved to Mashiasport, ME. There, she joined the Marchiasport Historical Society. Though not a native of this state, she had always been intrigued with the history of the "downeast" area. In her own words, "My only complaint was that everyone I met was related to everyone else in this wonderful place - only I had no Maine relatives!"

In 1970 she and Judge John M. Dudley of Calais were married. Upon his retirement in 1973 their permanent residence became a log cabin, built by his father in 1910, at Pocomoonshine Lake.

It didn't take Jane very long to become involved in the history of the town of Alexander. She joined the Extention group, started a historical commitee and a newsletter. This small band, now defunct, was the forerunner of the Alexander-Crawford Historical Society, of which Jane still serves as president.

Busy though she was, Jane discoverd she was writing about other people's families, while learning very little about her own. This was remedied after the answers to her queries began rolling in.

The first edition of The Maine-New Brunswick Connection which appeared in January 1984 consisted of one single page. It presented a brief historical sketch of the Giraud family, with the surnames of Giraud (Gerow) descendants framing the article.

The latest issue contains twnety-four pages, jam-packed with new items, articles and pictures - written for, about and by these Huguenot families whoe descendants did not remain in New York, but scattered and multiplied throughout North America.

Under the heading Footprints area obituaries of those connected with these family. One, of interest in this locale, was the death of Charles Alexander McKay, who, I presume, was our colorful character known as "Bobabec Charlie."

If the names listed below appear in your genealogy, you may be interested in subscribing to this newsletter: ALYEA, BASLEY, BIRDALL, BUDD, BULYEA, BUNTING, BURGER, CHADEAYNE, CLARK, COOLEY, COUTANT, DOLWAY, DeGRAW, DENTON, DEVIN, DeVRIES,. DRAKE, DUNGAN, EAGER, FERRIS, FINLAY, FONDA, FOSTER, GARRISON, GEE, GOLDING, GREEN, HEATON, HENDERSON, HOUSE, KUIPER, LARSON, LOUNSBERRY, MARSHALL, MARTIN, MUNGER, NORRIS, PALMER, PHILLIPS, PINE, POST, PUGLEY, PURDY, RHODES, ROBINSON, RUSSELL, RYKEMAN, SECOR, SHAW, SHERWOOD, STUART, SICORD, SNYDER, STIEL, TEMPRO, THORNE, TITUS, THOMPKINS, TRUEL, VanCOTT, VANDERBULT, VanHORNE, VanWORT, WATSON, WARD, WICKS, WILLIAMS and YERXA.

Published five times within the year, an annual membership is available for $8 US from Jane Gerow Dudley, R.R.#1, Box 1616, Alexander, ME, 04694.

At the present time, I do not have enough background to tell you about the activities of the Alexander-Crawford Historical Society, but once this is received, I shall be pleased to feature that organization in a column. Memberships are available to individuals at a rate of $5 US, or for famlies at $7.50 US. This included the organizational newsletter, published five times annually. Edited by Dudley, the fee should be forwarded to her address as previously shown.

QUERIES

21. JOSEPH LINCOLN GARNETT = ELIZABETH CAROLINE BRADLEY Married in St. George, NB on Jan.1, 1835. His parents, LABAN b. Mar 5, 1772, were m. on Dec 16, 1790 in Pembroke, ME. I am descended from ELIZA JANE (LIDI) GARNETT m. SAMUEL DOHERTY. Eliza dided at the birth of triplets in Elmcroft, NB, and my grandmother, MARY DOHERTY was reared by her AUNT ABBIE, wife of DAN LEE in St. George, or Elmcroft, NB. Would like to correspond with any descendants of this family.

22. Is anyone doing the genealogy on the ST.AMAND families? Some came to the USA and were called ST.THOMAS. I have a lot of ingo. Please help.

Getting to Know: New Brunswick I (top)

by F.E. McConvey

Webmaster notes: April 16, 2007: in the orginal publication of this article there were maps F.E. had done showing the different counties in NB. I do have the files, however, these images will be posted at a later time. While the drawing are in good quality, I am going to scan them and adjust them for the website article and also for the printable file. Please be patient and I will get these up as soon as possible.

* * *

In order to locate the records pertaining to our ancestors, it is necessary to know, in very specific terms, where they lived. Since the formation of this province in 1784, the counties and parishes have change on several occassions. Therefore, we shall follow the alteration of these lines to assist you in the research of your family history.

During the period fo time when the area was dominated by the French, they regarded our Maritime Provinces as Acadia. After King James I of England issued a land grant to Sir William Alexander in 1621, the British refered to this land as Nova Scotia, Latin for New Scotland.

These Scots established some small settlements on Cape Breton and along the Fundy coast but, because they were unsuccessful, the Scottish claims were surrendered to France in 1632.

By the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, France ceded all of Acadia, save Cape Breton to England. At a later date, the French had not been a part of Acadia; thus, the struggle for Canada was renewed once again.

the Treaty of Paris in 1763 confirmed Britian's possession of Canada and its dependencies, leaving only the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon to fly the fleurs de lis of France.

In 1760, some colonists from County Essex in Massachusetts obtained a grant of township on the St. John River where they founded the settlement of Maugerville. Around 1775 other families from New England opened up the surrounding district and the general area was know as Sunbury, Nova Scotia.

The lands about Cumberland had been previously settled by families from Yorkshire, England and others from Massachusetts.

After the arrival of the hordes of Loyalists, it was difficult to govern this vast region from Halifax. Therefore, a charter was issued to form a seperate entity to be known as the Province of New Brunswick. This name was chosen to honor King George III, a member of the House of Brunswick.

Intially, there were eight counties in the province:

(A) St. John, (B) Westmorland, (C) Kings, (D) Queens, (E) Charlotte, (F) York, (G) Sunbury, and (H) Northumberland. Fig 1 shows their boundaries

The division of Northumberland County in 1827 creast two new counties, (I) Kent and (J) Gloucester. (Fig.2)

York County was the next to be sub-divided to establish (K) Carlton in 1832. Do not confuse this county with the Town of Carleton, which became part of Saint John City, (Fig. 3)

The year 1838 saw the splitting of Gloucester to form the present county of (L) Restigouche. (Fig. 4) Albert County (M) was taken from a portion of Westmoreland in 1845. (Fig. 5)

Victoria County (N) came into existance in 1850 by partitioning Carleton County. (Fig 6). Victoria County was reduced in size to create (P) Madawaska County in 1873. (Fig. 7). Fig.7 shows News Brunswick from 1873 to the present day.

It must be noted that the western boundary of our province was not always clearly defined as indicated by these figures. The establishment of this border was an extremely controversial subject for a number of years befor the matter was finally resolved.

In the weeks following, we shall become familiar with the parishes of these counties.

QUERIES

23. Seek parents of OLIVE BUBAR who m. MOSES HOLMES at Woodstock, NB on Aug. 5, 1818. They were parents of FRANCES (FANNY the Good) who m. EDMUCH KENNEY about 1840. FANNY d. on Mar. 2, 1919 at Mineral, NB and had 264 descendants. Who were the parents of MOSES HOLMES? Need his birthdate and place. Also same info for EDMUND KENNEY, son of ISRAEL and SUSANNA (HOOD) KENNEY.

24. HENRY STYLES b. 1802 at St. Andrews d. 1865 at Rollingdam, NB = MARGARET (MARTHA) MCCURDY c. Dec. 24, 1806 at Lincolnville, ME. Seek info on parents and siblings of HENRY STYLES. Where were the parents buried? Family story states taht part of the cemetery where they were buried in St. Andrews had a church erected over it. Can anyone confirm this story? What church?

MARTHA (MARGARET) MCCURDY had a sister DEBORAH who married EDWARD TOWERS and a brother, SAMUEL, who is buried in the STYLES lot in Rollingdam, NB. Their mother was DESIRE TRIM who later married TOWLE from Tower Hill. Require more info on all members of these families.

Did HENRY STYLES have a sister SARAH b 1804 who married ISAIAH BRIDGES? Re\quire more info on this family.

Getting to Know: New Brunswick II (top)

by F.E. McConvey

Notice: Photographs/drawings in an article will be placed within the article soon.

* * *

QUERIES

25a. JAMES HOWLAND (HOLDEN, HOLDIN). b. c 1799 in Wexford Co., Ireland. d. in St. Andrews on Mar 22, 1879. CH. JAMES, MYLES, MARGARET, ELLEN, MICHAEL CATHERINE. Seek any info on parents, siblings, children.

25b. WILLIAM DRISCOLL. b. 1800 Ireland, d at St. Andrews 1882 = MARY McCARTHY in Ireland. Came to St. Andrews in 1839. CH. MARY ANN, CHARLES, PATRICK, CATHERINE, MARGARET. m. MICHAEL HOWLAND (HOLDEN, HOLDIN) in 1869. Seek any info.

Getting to Know: New Brunswick III (top)

by F.E. McConvey

D. Queens County. County Seat - Gagetown.

The present parishes are shown in Fig. 11; (1) Wickham, (2) Waterborough, (3) Hampstead, (4) Gagetown, (5) Brunswick, (6) Canning, (7) Chipman, (8) Peterville, (9) Johnston and (10) Cambridge

This following reflect changes that have transpired since the formation of this county:

E. Charlotte County. County Seat -- St. Andrews

The 15 parishes shown by Fig. 12 are: (1) St. Stephen, (2) St. David, (3) St. Andrews, (4) St. Patrick, (5) St. George, (6) Pennfield, (7) West Isles, (8) Campobello, (9) Grand Manan, (10) St. James, (11) Dumbarton, (12) Lepreau, (13) Clarendon, (14) Dufferin and (15) St. Croix.

Changes throughout the years:

Please note that Grand Manan has not drifted inshore since your last visit. I have placed it in this position to take up less space.

F. York County. County Seat - Fredericton.

The present parishes of this county are: (1) Fredericton, (2) Kingsclear, (3) Prince Williams, (4) St. Marys, (5) Queensbury, (6) Douglas, (7) Dumfries, (8) Southhampton, (9) Stanley, (10) New Maryland, (11) Manners Sutton, (12) Canterbury, (13) Bright, (14) North Lake and (15) McAdam. Fig. 15.

Changes in this division of this county were:

From my dictionary came the following definitions:

Colorful - full of varietyl vivid; picturesque

Character - the combination of qualities or traits that distinguishes an individual or group; personality

The family of Charlie McKay was offended by application of these decriptive words in my previous column. For this, I am sorry. It was not my intent to either ridicule or give offence.

Individualism is a personality trait that is to be admired. Too many ignore the beat of the drummers and run furiously to mask their entities under a cloak of obscurity, emerging only when they have become successfully cloned and indistinguished from their fellow herd-runners.

Ther are volumes to be written about those who have dared to march alone while little is recorded about unembellished blanc mange.

QUERIES

26. Need parents of RACHEL ANN GLIDDEN b. c1837 at Sebec ME?, d. at Bangor on Oct. 19, 1906. m1 HENRY OTIS GILES at Veazie on Jul 9, 1853. m2 JOSEPH W. GRANT at Bangor on Jun 22, 1858.

Getting to know: New Brunswick IV (top)

by F.E. McConvey

G. Sunbury County. County Seat - Oromocto

The parishes of this county as shown in Feg. 14 are. (1) Burton, (2) Lincoln, (3) Sheffield, (4) Maugerville, (5) Blissville, (6) Northfield and (7) Gladstone.

The following changes have been noted since the formation of Sunbury County.

H. Northumberland County. County Seat - Newcastle.

The parishes of this county are: (1) Newcastle, (2) Alnwich, (3) Glenelg, (4)Chatham, (5) Nelson, (6) Ludlow, (7) Northesk, (8) Blissfield, (9)Blackville, (10) Hardwicke, (11) Derby (12) Southesk and (13) Rogersville. Fig. 15.

Changes through the years:

I. Kent County. County Seat - Richibucto

Parishes as outlined by Fig. 16 are: (1) Wellington, (2) Carleton, (3) Richibucto, (4) Dundas, (5) Huskesson, (6) Harcourt, (7) Weldford, (8) Saint-Louis, (9) Saint Mary, (10) Acadieville, (11) Saint-Paul and (12) Saint-Charles.

Changes over the years:

WANTED: People interested in forming a genealogical association with the intention of becoming a branch of the NEW BRUNSWICK GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. The groundwork has been laid and a minimum of fifteen additional members are requiresd to achieve this aim.

27a. Seek paretns of EUNICE/UNICE, wife of EDMUND TOMPKINS (1736-1835). Was she the same EUNICE who drew a pension in 1842?

27b.Where did HENRY GREEN and wife MARY (probably MITCHELL) live before settling in the present Parish of Wicklow about 1802? Who were their parents?

Getting to Know: New Brunswick V (top)

by F.E. McConvey

J. Gloucester County. County Seat - Bathrust

The parishes of this county are: (1) Saumarez, (2) Beresford, (3) Bathurst, (4) New Bandon, (5) Caraquet, (6) Shippegan, (7) Inkerman, (8) Saint-Isidore, (9) Paquetville and (10) Allarville. Fig. 17

Changes noted throughout the years:

K. Carleton County. County Seat - Woodstock.

The parishesat this time outlined, in Fig. 18 area: (1) Woodstock, (2) Northampton, (3) Wakefield, (4) Kent, (5) Brighton, (6) Wicklow, (7) Simonds, (8) Richmond, (9) Peel, (10) Aberdeen and (11) Wilmot.

These changes have been noted since its beginning:

L. Restigouche County. County Seat -Dalhousie

Parishes of this county: (1) Addington, (2) Eldon, (3) Durham, (4) Colborne, (5) Dalhousie, (6) Balmoral, (7) Grimmer and (8) Saint-Quentin. Fig. 19.

Changes in the parish lines over the years:

QUERIES:

28a. JOHN BROWN = KATHERINE KEENAN. Came to NB from Ireland in early 1800's. CH. JOHN, BARTHOLOMEW, GEORGE and a girl. After the death of JOHN BROWN, KATHERINE moved to to Quebec and married GALE. Sons of JOHN and BARTHOLOMEW remained in NB and farmed near Fredericton. Seek any infor on this family.

28b. Have any readers used professional researchers in either Ireland or the Quebec City area? If so, can any recommendations be made?

29. WILLIAM MCCUTCHEON buried in the Old Cedar Hill Cemetery in Saint John. CH. JOHN, RUBIN, JAMES and SAM. Seek any info on parents, siblings, wife and children of this family.

Getting to Know: New Brunswick VI (top)

by F.E. McConvey

M. Albert County. County Seat - Hopewell Cape

Fig. 20 outlines the parishes of this county: (1) Hopewell, (2) Hillsborough, (3) Coverdale, (4) Harvey, (5) Elgin, (6) Alma.

Changes witnessed through the course of years:

N. Victoria County. County Seat - Andover.

Present parishes shown in Fig. 21: (1) Perth, (2) Andover, (3) Lorne, (4) Drummond, (5) Grand Falls, (6) Gordon, (7) Denmark and (8) Grand Falls Town

Changes recorded thoroughout its history:

P. Madawaska County. County Seat - Edmundston

Parishes of this county are: (1) Madawaska, (2) Saint-Leonard, (3) Saint-Basile, (4) Saint-Francais, (5) Saint-Jacques, (6) Saint-Hilaire, (7) Saint-Anne, (8) Clair, (9) Saint-Andre, (10) Saint-Joseph, (11) Baker Brook, (12) Riviere-Verte, (13) Lac-Baker and (14) Notre-Dame-de Lourdes. Fig 22.

Changes in the parish lines since it's formation:

QUERIES:

30. WILLIAM CHAMBERS b. July 14, 1809 at Golden Gove, NB = MARY JANE GOOD b. 1817 at Deer Island, NB, dau. of JOHN GOODE and RACHEL?. Need infoo on these families - parents, siblings and origins.

31. DAVID CRAIG b. Dec. 21, 1800 - PHEBE McGIER b. Oct. 22, 1800. They lived at Chamcook, NB. CH: JOSEPH m. ISABELL; SARAH ANN; PHEBE ELLEN m1 GEORGE MARSH, m2 JOHN SMITH; MOSES ALFRED (2 marriages); SARAH ELIZABETH m NATHAN SMART and MARGARET ANN m JACOB LAMBERT STYLES. Seek info on this family - parents, siblings, spouses, etc.

In January 1980 approximately 20 people gathered on Grand Mana for the purpose of forming a genealogical society. In addition to researching their own family histories, these residents were keen on learning more about the early settlers who had decided to stay on Grand Manan and the reasons why they had chosen such as isolated location. With in a short time this group, now known as the Grand Manan Genealogical Society, became affiliated with the New Brunswick Genealogical Society.

This active organization has tackled many projects since its beginning. Their works include family histories; recording of all the cemeteries on Grand Manan; copying the census, marriage and death records from microfilms and the copying of the Graham Funeral Records. This last taks is nearly completed and covers the dates 1864-1944.

As a team they have copies the births, baptism, marriage and death records of St. Paul's Anglican Parish. They have written histories of the Union Church of Castalia and the Advent Christian Church of Woodward's Cove; two churches which not longer have the support of congregations.

They have gathered data on the Loyalists of St. Andrews and environs, Grand Manan, the Quakers and other groups of interest. Old school records back to 1894 have been researched, which in turn, have generated lists of the pupils who attend these schools. There was also data on the teachers who taught on Wood Island from 1888 to 1957. Amoungst the collection are assessment lists, land grants plus copied items from The Island News, a weekly published by J.G. Larimer in the 1880's.

The many activities of this busy organization are covered in their quarterly newsletter entitled The Sands of Time. Individual issues of this publication may be purchased for $2.50 and all back issues are available. Articles pertaining to Grand Manan or its people are always gratefully received by the society for publication in The Sands.

For those seeking membership to the Grand Manan Genealogical Society the annual fee is $10.00 and this includes the newsletter.

Readers can contact this society by writing Mrs. Glenta Hettrick, President, Grand Manan Genealogical Society, Grand Harbour, NB EOG 1X0

Many thanks to Gleneta for graciously supplying the information for this column. Folks from this area may remember her as Gleneta Green, a teacher at the Bartletts Mills School around 1946.

* * *

While searching through old newspapers, correspondence and other documents you may find words and/pr abbreviations with which you are unfamiliar, e.g. A wedding ceremony may have been performed on the 15th inst; a funeral was conducted on the 13th Ult. or a payment of money might have been required by the 25th Prox

These are abbreviated forms for terms that have become obsolete.

Genealogy Meeting

Time: 1:30 pm

Date: Saturday April 9, 1988

Place: Ross Memorial Library, St. Andrews

There have been approximately 28 people who have expressed a definite interest in the formation of a Genealogical Society for Charlotte County. This will be an organizational meeting. It is hoped that representatives from the New Brunswick Genealogical Society will be in attendance, but at the time of writing, this has not been confirmed. Nonetheless, the local group will go into action. See you there.

QUERIES:

32a. ROBERT LANK b.c18104 m PENELOPE (CALDER?). In 1851 census lived in Campobello. Possible son of WILLIAM LANK. Seen any info.

32b. MARGARET PARKER b. c1795, d. 1858 m. ALEXANDER CALDER. In Census lived in Campobello. Seek any info on parents

Baskahagen Families I (top)

by F.E. McConvey

Just recentluy I acquired a new volume for my fast-growing genealogical reference collection. Entitled Baskahagen Families, A Genealogical Dictionary of Bancroft, Danforth, Orient and Weston, Maine, this manuscript, complied by Marion L. Dunn and editing by Basil E. Kinney, was prepared for the sesquicentennial of Weston, ME (1835-1985).

Knowing that a good number of people listed on the pages of this owrk had, at one time, lived in Charlotte County, I was immediately intrigued by the similarity of the names Baskahagen and Piskahagen.

In repsonse to my question, Basil Kinney offered the following:

The Penobscot River some sixty miles north of Bangor has a tributary, the Mattawanekaeg on which, about 25 miles northeat, another tributary joins from the south (a stream or river that turns down). i.e. Baskahagan, an Indian word that expresses that fact.

The large body of water, some 20 south, that feeds this stream also carried the name Baskahagan. Baskahagen Lake, a rather large body of water at a high elevation in Jackson Brook, ME, is often subject to high winds. Locally the yard is spun that an Indian tried to cross the lake with a canoe laden with baskets. He became the victim of a sudden high wind, lost his cargo and lamented, "Basket He Gone!"

It is possible that Piskahagen is a corruption of Baskahagen or vice versa.

Searching through Piskahagen Pioneer Days, a series of articles by the Rev. Charles M. Smith that appeared in the Courier in 1974/5, I could locate no reference to the meaning of the name, Piskahagen. The only statement to be discovered suggested the name had Indian origins.

In his astonishing book, America B.C., Barry Fell presents convincing theories that the white man made his appearance in America long before Columbus. He proposes that names ending in hagen are Nordic, rather than Indian.

Are there any readers who can supply additional information on this subject?

Baskahagen Families contains genealogical date on a total of 164 families. Broken down there are 37 from Bancroft; 68, Danforth; 20, Orient and 39, Weston.

The sketches below are only samplings of the data to be gleaned from these pages.

JOHN AMES was born in NH between 1799 and 1803. Lived in St. James Parish, NB. Married (1) SARAH?. Married (2) MARY ?, born in 1816. He died between 1862 and 1981. Four sons and one daughter were known to have gone to Bancroft. This information is followed by the children of the second and third generations.

A check into the 1851 census of St. James Parish shows that JAMES AMES was, indeed of American birth and at hat time, his wife was MARY.

CHARLES COX, son of GEORGE and MARY (McDOWELL) COX of St. George, NB was born at St. George on 19 August 1860. Died at Bancroft, ME, on 29 Jan. 1935, age 74 years, 6 months and 10 days. Married at Bancroft to ALICE A. LEE daughtre of ISREAL and SARAH A.(THOMAS) LEE, born at St. George, NB on 27 April, 1865; died at Bancroft on 02 January, 1937. Information of 12 children is given.

Once, again the family of GEORGE and MARY ANN COX is located in the 1851 census for St. George Parish. Naturally Charles not appear at that early date.

In this censu, there is also an ISRAEL LEE, son of JOSEPH and HANNAN, age 16, to be found in St. George, and a SARAH THOMAS, age 13 in St. Andrews. It is possible that these were the parents of ALICE A. LEE.

Through searches that have been done, it has been discovered that in many instances the names McDOWELL is a corruption of McDOUALL. Therefore, someof the people in Charlotte County bearing this name are descendants of ALEXANDER McDOUALL who is buried in the cemetery at Greenock Kirk in St. Andrews.

In connection with the FARADAY family who were from Sackville, NB, there is a marriage of MARTIN, son of ROBERT and ELLEN(KINNEY) FARADAY. to EDITH PINKERTON, daughter of WILLIAM and MARGARET (LINDSAY) PINKERTON of St. James Parish.

In 1851, Parish St. James, the census reveals a PINKERTON family with the son of WILLIAM aged 10, also a MARGARET LINDSAY of the same age.

Of interest to the ORR family is a listing of the children and grandchildren of BARNEY FITZGERALD and MARY J. ORR. born in 1835 in NB. This MARY J. ORR could very possibly be the MARY J. aged 15, listed in 1851 (St. Patricks) in the family of THOMAS and AGNESS ORR; or MARY, also aged 15, daughter of JAMES and MARAGARET ORR.

JOHN HAMLITON, son of JAMES and CATHERINE (STAMP) HAMLITON, was born in 1830 at St. George, NB. He died at Danforth, ME on 08 February, 1894, aged 64 years, 4 months, 7 days. In 1836 he married a daughter of DAVID and ANN (PATTERSON) CORNING. (DAVID was born in Nova Scotia and ANN, in Ireland.)

There would appear to be some details missing there, but both of these families are to be located in St. George Parish at the time of 1851 census.

The first LEE family to go to Bancroft, ME, was that of ISRAEL LEE, born at St. George, NB., on 13 June 1835, probably the son of JOSEPH and HANNAH LEE. There were many other Lee families in Bancroft, but as far as it can be determine they all came from St. George, NB, or that vicinity. This is followed by 3 1/2 pages of names and dates pertaining to this family.

Information is also given on FRANK LISHERNESS, son of WILLIAM and GEORGIANNA (McKAY) LISHERNESS of St. George. This family is tied by marriage to the LEES. Both a WILLIAM H. and a GEORGIANNA are to be found under their proper families in St. George Parish- census 1851.

From the account given to the POMEROY family, some of the descendants of the Loyalist POMEROYS did not remain on this side of the border. There are approximately four pages of genealogy devoted to this family. It would also appear from the reference given that a publication, entitled Pomeroy, Mina E. Genealogy of the Pomeroys of ME and NB, Press of RI, Maybell Stat Co, St. Paul, may be available to show more detail on this family.

QUERIES:

33. NOBEL PYE, c1800 - 16 Oct 1890. m ANN HENRY of City Sligo and Saint John in 1854. CH: ALICE m ? WRIGHT of Salem, MA; ANNIE JANE m WILLIAM BRYANT of Bartlett's Mills, NB and ROBERT of Boston, MA. Family story states taht this was the second marriage of NOBEL PYE. Two daughters from the first marriage were supposed to have married a MARKEY and a PELTON. Can find nothing to prove this is true. Seek any info these families.

Baskahagen Families II (top)

by F.E. McConvey

SAMUEL WEEKS was born in 1799, but after 1886 he lived in St. Davids, NB. He married ELIZABETH SCOOT (1807-1883). Among their children was WILLIAM WELLINGTON WEEKS (1827-1907) who resided at Honeydale in St. James Parish. IN 1864 he married FRANCES E. AMES (1839-1883) daughter of JOHN and MARY AMES. DOROTHY (ROBERTSON) KINNEY), wife of BASIL is a decendant of this line.

From the census of 1851, it would appear that SAMUEL ELIZABETH WEEKS also lived in St. Davids before 1886.

OTIS CHIRSTIS went to Danforth, ME, from Lambert Lake, ME. His ancestry, as far asit can be determined, is as follows: WILLIAMS CHRISTIE born in Boston, MA, married HENRIETTA FAUCETTE who was also born in that city. They were residents of St. Stephen, NB. in 1831 when a son JAMES was born. The descendants of JAMES area listed, plus the family of OTIS, his son.

Looking at the 1851 Census once again, this family was still living in St. Stephen parish at that time.

A name that keeps cropping up is Oak Ridge, NB. Do any readers know where this place was located? Could it be Oak Hill? Or should it be Old Ridge?

WILLIAM PINKERTON moved to Danforth, ME, with the families who arrived when the HATHORN FOSS AND BENNETT CO. built the hardwood mills after 1830. He was born at St. James, NB in 1839 and died in Danforth, ME, on 02 May 1929, at the age of ninety. He was the son of WILLIAM and ELLEN (SCOTT) PINKERTON. His wife was MARGARET LINDSAY, daughter of JOHN and -?-LINDSAY. She was born in Chamcook, NB, on 04 August 1841. This list of their children follows the text.

HORATIO N. SPINNY lived on a farm in West Danforth, ME on the Baker Ridge Road. He went to Danforth between 1875 and 1877. Born in New Brunswick (probably Milltown) on 05 August 1828 de died in Danforth on 23 May 1914. His first wife was MARY B. CORNING, daughter of ? DAVID and ANN(PATTERSON CORNING. She was born at St. George, NB in 1840. His second marriage to (MRS. M.C MARKER) MARGARET ELLIOT took place in Brookton or Topsfield, ME. Some of his children were born in Piskahagen, NB.

LEONARD C. BARTLETT (1806- 1869) went to Orient, ME, from St. Andrews, NN, after 1851. DAVID and ENOCH probably went about the same time. Their descent is as follows:

RICHARD BARTLETT came from Kent County, England to Newbury, MA in 1635 in the ship Mary and John. He died on 25 May 1647/8. His wife HANNAH died on 01 March 1686/7. Their second child was CHRISTOPHER.

Thus, begins five pages of this family that follows the line through the tenth generation.

The parents of LEONARD C. BARTLETT were ANN, daughter of MOSES and ELIZABETH (PULSFER) JEWETT and LEONARD BARTLETT.

It is interesting to note that the name of JEWETT has been carried down through the generations of both the BARTLETT and GREENLAW families of this area.

MARY C. BARTLETT (1805-1884) married ISAAC CASE GREENLAW (1808-1867), Their sonm JEWETT MOSES (1827-1905) married CHARLOTTE THOMAS (1834-1916). JEWETT MOSES GREENLAW (1863-1932) was a son from this union.

The name also is evident in JEWETT VINCENT (1932-1974), the son of VINCENT and MARION GREENLAW of Bayside, NB.

Bearing the BARTLETT surname are to be found MOSES, JEWETT, JEWETT JUDSON and OTTAWWEL JEWETT.

While working on this, I noticed two other "BARTLETT" names that shifted into the GREENLAW family. ISAAC CASE and MARY C. (BARTLETT) GREENLAW also had son names LEONARD (1829 - ?) and JESSE COOPER (1831-1897). A quick glance revealed four BARTLETT bearing the name of LEONARD and three called JESSE. BARTLETTS bearing the name of LEONARD and three called JESSE.

COOPER was the surname of MOLLY, the first wife of CALEB BARTLETT(1756-1819). There were at least two DAVID COOPER BARTLETTS.

In the Baskhagen Families the wife of LEONARD C. BARTLETT is given as HARRIETT GILMOR. I believe this should GILMAN.

JAMES BUBAR went to Orient, ME, between 1850 and 1860. He was born at Mirimachi, NB, in 1822 and died at Orient on 12 February 1892 at the age of 70. His wife was MARY FRAZIER, born in Nashwalk, NB. Some of the BARTLETT girls married into this family. Three generations of BUBARS are listed.

DANIEL McALLISTER and his wife MARY PATTERSON, both of New Boston, NH, came to St. Stephen, NB, with the Cape Ann Association in 1785. He was a farmer and lumberman. Their grandson WILLIAM and ALMEDA resided in Orient.

ISAAC GEROW, born in New York, went to Hodson, ME, with his wife JANE. The children of his sons WELLINGTON and BENJAMIN are listed.

CHANDLER MOODY was born in New Hampshire. On 26 May 1808 he married SUSAN FIELD at Prospect, ME. He died at Newport, ME between 1820 and 1823.

His death created pecuniary problems for his children who ranged in age from infancy to ten years. In those days "paupers" were bid off to those who would maintain them to the best advantage of the town. JACOB PRATT bid off JACOB MOODY for $1.28 per month.

In time, the family managed to extricate themselves from these circumstances. JACOB MOODY and his wife SARAH (HODGMAN) lived in St. Stephen Parish at this time of the 1851 census. There were other brothers who lived on the American side of the river. Eight pages are devoted to this family.

Naturally, this is just a sampling of the many familis within the pages of this book. Anyone wishing to possess a copy of Baskahagen Families may purchase one for $20.00 US + postage from Basil E. Kinney, 31 Miller St., Belfast, ME 04915.

A previous publication Kinney Nation is now out of print, but Basil is steadfastly working on a more updated version of this book.

Another book, History of Weston, Maine contains genealogical data on the families of BRACKETT, BRANNEN, BUTTERFIELD, FOSS, GILPATRICK and SMITH.

Danforth appears to be approximately fifty miles north and Calais on Route 1. It is just inside the northern boundary of Washington County. Bancroft and Orient, located in Aroostook County, are short distances from Danforth.

QUERIES:

34. JOHN SHORT. Shipbuilder. Son of JOHN and KATHERINE SHORT of Chamcook, NB. In 1895, he lived in Rat Portage, Ontario. Wish to know where family came from in Ireland, plus any other details on the early history of this family.

J. & C. Short, shipbuilders I (top)

by F.E. McConvey

A recent letter from a descendant of the Short family who lives in British Columbia brought a transcript of an item published in The Courier on March 31, 1893. It reads:

"Charles Short was born in Ireland January 27, 1827 and two years later his parents, John and Katherine Short, came to this country, settling in Chamcook, NB, where they remained until their death. Charles was the second eldest of th family of ten, seven boys and three girls. When he was a young man, he entered the employ of John and Robert Townsend them doing a ship building business in Chamcook and made such rapid progress that when but 25 years of age he drafted and built at Didgeguash, NB. a square rigged ship called the Homeward Bound. later on he built at St. Andrews the ships Black Swan, Lady Milton, and the brig Laura. In 1855 he married Hannah, daughter of John O'halloran of St. Andrews and in may 1861 move to St. Stephen and assoicating himself with his elder brother John (not of Rat Portage, Ontario) carried on a ship building business under the firm name of J.&C. Short. They built many large vessels on the stocks Chipman and Bolton have others; having at times three vessels on the stocks at once. They employed a large number of men and many thousands of dollars were distributed in wages.

"At this place, they built the brig, Ethel Bolton, barques Florence Chipman, Kathleen, Sean, Philla De Lair (a flat bottomed vessel of peculair construction), Sea Gem, Ellen Dewolfe, Oswingo, Grasmere, Windmere, Northern Chef, Lynton, Marion King, and the ship Sea Crest, Seas Chief, Talisman, Wolfville, Cashmere, Chipman, and Rocklands. At the same time they also carried on business in Calais and built the schooners Addie Murchie, Lissie A. Watson, Georgie Todd, Lettie Wells, Annie E. Murchie, Lottie, and the three masted schooner, Almiretta, and the barques Joseph E. Eaton, John E. Chase, Philip Fitzgerald, Emma and Alice and the brig F.H,. Todd. During this time they also rebuilt (the Marion King) and while there visited the place of his birth. The last vessel he designed (the Rocklands) was a ship of 1500 tons and was launched in 1878.

"One of their ships, the4 Sea Gem made passage across from the ledge (four miles below St. Stephen) to Liverpool in 14 days, one of the quickest sailing trips across the ocean on record though it was made in the summer season when winds were not the more favorable.

"After the decline of ship building he built the lighthouse at Grand Harbour, Grand Manan, NB and afterwards built bridges and buildings for the railways. In 1883, he went to the Pacific coast where he was employed as foreman in ship building, returning after two years. Some years later he went to Bishops' Crossing in the Province of Quebec where he moulded the frame for a four masted ship, Shenandoah built in Bath, ME and which is said to be the largest wooden ship afloat. He spent the remainder of his life at home doing various kinds of work, the most recent being in connection with the new Ferry Point Bridge (connecting St. Stephen with Calais, ME) for which he built caissons."

From the 1851 census we discover this family living in St. Andrews Parish. John, aged 58 and his wife Catherine, age 48 came from Ireland in 1830. Their children: Charles born c1827; Daniel, c1829; Cornelis ,c1832; Dennis, c1834; Anne C. c1836, Elizabeth, c1838; Catherine, c1840; Partick, c1841 and James, c1846.

The eldest son John born c 1823 had established his own household by this date. His spouse was Ann, aged 24 and they had a two-year old daughter, Mary.

There is also the family of Cornelius Short to be found in this census who could possibly be connected.

During the early 1800's most of the vessels built were ships, which had three square-rigged masts. Around the 1840's there was a depression, therefore, after the 1850's the tendency was to build barques, barkentines and schooners. The fore and aft rigging on these vessels required a smaller crew to trim the sails.

The trade runs also influenced which type of vessel was to be built. Those detined to ply the seas back and forth to England were usually ships because they always had good winds behind them, in either direction. Those tacking doen the Eastern Seaboard using the ports of New Jersey, New York, Georiga and Alabama favored the use of brigs and barquentines which were more manoeuverable and easier to beat into the wind.

Barkentine

Tamarack, also called hackmatack, larch or erroneoulsy juniper was much favored in the making of ship frames and knees. To this day, it is considered one of the best woods to be employed by shipbuilders. Because of its tendency to grow in swampy or rocky terrian, its roots form right angles to the trunk 6-7" below the soil. the natural "knee" thus formed is utilized in boatbuilding. In addition this wood is extremely rot resistance and is nearly as strong as oak, two very desirable properties.

Brigantine

Brigantine: 2 masts. Foremast: square rigged. Main Mast: Fore and aft rigged.

Barkentine: 3 masts. Foremast: Square rigged. Other masts: Fore and aft rigged.

Lighters: Small boats which were employed to take the cargo inshore. They were used when ships had to anchor off shore. they were strictly utilitarian - wide and deep, aprroximately 20' long and double-ended. Lighters could probably carry a cargo of three tons and had three oars per side. There was no rudder but a steering oar was usually employed to prevent the boat from riding broadside to the waves. The long-boats, which we used to see in pirate movies were much narrower, sleeker and more easily manoeuvered then lighters.

Next week we shall continue in a life vein, including some specific details of the ships built by the Short Brothers.

QUERIES:

35. SARAH STYLES b. 15 May 1804. m ISAIAH BRIDGES b. 16 Mar 1798. Seek parents of SARAH STYLES. Was she a sister of HENRY b. 1802? Where was she born? Also require info on the BRIDGES family. Believe most were from Pembroke, ME.

J. & C. Short, Shipbuilders II (top)

by F.E. McConvey

Ship (Full Rigged)	Bark/Barque	Brig

Brig: 2 masts. Square rigged.

Bark or Barque: 3 masts. Fore and main masts: Square rigged. After (mizzen) mast: fore and aft rigged. There were some four-masted barques but they were quite uncommon in Canadian shipyards,

Full Rigged Ship: Square rigged on all masts.

Schooners: There were several different types of schooners but the one with which we are most familiar with is the Bluenose, a Grand Bank Fishing Schooner. Fore and aft rigging may also be called schooner rigging. The number of masts varied from two to as many as seven.

The following information on the ships built by the Short Brothers has been gleaned from An International Community on the St. Croix 1604-1930 by Harold A. Davis.

Black Swan: Ship, 896 tons. Built at St. Andrews in 1855. Sold to Liverpool in 1856.

Lady Nelson: Ship. 902 tons. Built at St. Andrews in 1856. Ownes: Edward Wilson of St. Andrews and John Wilson of Liverpool.

Laura: Brigantine. 127 tons. Built at St. Andrews in 1860.

Ethel Bolton: Brigantine. 265 tons. Built at St. Stephen in 1865. Was lost between St. John and Cuba with her cargo of sugar boxes in December 1876.

Florence Chipman: Barque. 850 tons. Built at St. Stephen in 1862 for Chipman and Bolton. Sold to Liverpool in 1862.

Kathleen: Barque. 462 tons. Built at St. Stephen in 1862 by Chipman and Bolton, Sold by decree of the Admiralty Court in 1874.

Sea: Barque. 748 tons. Built in St. Stephen in 1862 by Chipman and Bolton. Sold in Liverpool by DeWolfs, brokers for 6000 on July 1, 1863.

Sea Gem: Barque. 1026 tons. Built at St. Stephen for Chipman and Bolton in 1864. Dimensions 150' x 31' x 18'. Surveyed by Lloyds to class 7A1. Sold by DeWolfes at Liverpool.

(This classification was the highest given to any colonial ship by Lloyds. Very few ships from the St. Croix received this rating. Generally, the only vessels to receive ratings were the larger ones constructed of pitch pine and tamarck. The schooners and brigs built of spruce were not usually surveyed. Lloyds of Britain allowed a four-year classifiication; French Veritas and the French Registry of Maine allowed five and, on occasion, six years.)

Ella DeWolf: Barque. 324 tons. Built for Chipman and Bolton at St. Stephen in 1866. Sold by Dewolfes at Marsailles on August 17, 1867.

Oswingo: Barque. 680 tons. Built at St. Stephen in 1869. Sold by DeWolfes in Liverpool. Thee was also a ship (854.6?988.68? tons) with the smae name bult in 1853/4 at Robbinson, ME but I do not believe it was built by the Shorts.

Windmere: Barque. 695 tons. Built at St.Stephen by Chipman in 1870.

Lynton: Barque. 765 tons. Built at St. Stephen by Chipman in 1874. Dimensions 156.1' x 32.7' x19.5'. Sixteen shares were sold in Liverpool in 1874; two years later twney-eight more were sold. Wrecked in 1886.

Marion King: Barque. 939 tons. Built at St.Stephen for Z. Chipman in 1876. Twelve shares were sold in England in 1876; 16, in 1880. Sold to Norway in 1891 when the name was changed to Safir.

Sea Crest: Ship. 959 tons. Built at St. Stephen for Chipman and Bolton in 1863. Never surveyed by Lloyds but DeWolfes of Liverpool sold for 9000.

Sea Chief: Ship. 956?1055? tons. Built at St. Stephen in 1863 for Chipman and Bolton. Sold by DeWolfes in Liverpool for 9000 in November 1863. Not surveyed by Lloyds. Dimentions 174' x 35' x 22'.

Talisman: Ship. 1025 tons. Built for Chipman and Bolton at St. Stephen in 1854. Surveyed by Lloyds to class 7A1. Sold by DeWolfes at Liverpool in 1865.

Wolfville: Ship. 1126 tons. Built in 1865 for Chipman and Bolton. Shares taken by DeWolfe. Lost between Liverpool and Bombay in 1871.

Cashmere: Ship. 1258 tons. Built at St.Stephen for DeWolfes of Liverpool in 1873. Dimensions 200' x37.2' x 23.1'. Sold to Norway in 1891.

Chipman: Ship. 1083 tons. Built for Z. Chipman in 1877 at St. Stephen. Dimensions 1913.2' x 36.6' x 22.5'. In 1877 sixteen shares were sold in England. Sold to Norway in 1891.

There also appears to be a ship of this name built at Calais in 1853 of 637.44 tons. I do not know if it was constructed by the Shorts.

Rockland: Ship. 1464 ton. Built at St. Stephen for Z. Chipman in 1878. In 1878/9, sixteen shares were sold in England. Dimesions: 214.6' x 38.6' x 23.6'. This was the last of the ship to be built at St. Stephen.

Addie Murchie: Schooner. 153.42 tons. Built at Calais in 1866

Lottie: Schooner. 99.8 tons. Built at Calais in 1873

Almaretta: Schooner. 318.28 tons . Built at Calais in 1873

Joseph E. Eaton. Barque. 373.20 tons. Built in Calais, 1867

F.H. Todd: Brig. 326.40 tons. Built in 1866 at Calais.

Henry S. Fay. Schooner. 183.10 tons. Built by John Short in Calais in 1867.

Nellie: Schooner. 94.40 tons. Built at Calais in 1867 by John Short .

????. Barque. 569.60 tons., Built at Calais in 1872 by Short and Co. Not lauched.

Channel Light: Barque. 553 tons. Built at St. Andrews for Chipman and Bolton of St. Stephen. Sold in Liverpool by DeWolfs.

Annie H. Smith: Ship. 1452 tons. The largest ship after 1865 to be built at Calais. Built for Richardson and Rideout in 1876 at their yard by the Short Brothers. Dimensions: 220' x 40' x 24'. She had a thirteen-year rating from the Shipmasters Association. Her shares were owned by W.H. Smith, Morse and Company, Charles V, Lord and Co., Capt. J.F. Bartlett of Bangor and F.H. Smith and Co. of New York. In 1893 it was discovered she had been sold in her home port, New York and ended her days as a coal barge.

By 1865 the shipbuilding hey-day on the St. Croix was beginning to wane. By the late seventies it was over. Sales were slow for the ships built during this period and at the end, only a few shares were sold at a time.

Even though the day of wooden sailing ships is gone, we are very fortunate to have descendants of these great shipsbuilding families still to be found in the St. Croix Valley.

Although I have not seen it yet, there is a book that describes this bygone era and gives more detail on the Short Brothers. It is entitled Sail and Stream Along the Maine Coast, written by Vincent Short and Edwin Sears probably around 1955.

QUERIES:

36. BOHANON/CAMPBELL/McKENZIE. Seeking ancestors of LUCRETIA McKENSIE. b. 1817. m. 10 Mar 1840 to JOHN CAMPBELL BOHANON. LUCRETIA's mother was HANNAH -?-. Parents of JOHN were ANANIAH BOHANON (b. 12 July 1788) and AMELIA CAMPBELL (b. 11 Apr. 1797). Seeking their parents or any family info.

The Puritan Influence I (top)

By F.E. McConvey

As you diligently labour on the task of tracing your ancestry, have you eer considered how events that occurred over 400 years ago in England have directly affected your search? Probably not. Yet, had it not been for the religious upheavals that ruptured forth during the sixteenth and seventeeth centuries your family background would have been very different; indeed, the entire history of North America would have been drastically altered.

We have already touched on some of the events that prompted hordes of Irish to emigrate to America during the mid 1800's -- and, most of us are familiar with the story of the American Revolution that brought the great influx of people, loyal the British Crown, to this land of ours.

Because of this massive migration, the many descendants of those Loyalists must, heaven forbid, return to that great nation to seek their roots. Whether the thought can be tolerated or not, it must be remembered that at the beginning, we were one people.

But, getting back to England......

During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I the rather contemptous name, "Puritan" was applied to those who proposed reforms within the Church of England, the established church. These reformers believed the Bible was their sole authority and that certain rituals performed during the services were steeped in "Roman superstitions".

In view of this, Puritans strongly objected to the rules laid down governing clerical garb. They also wished to abolish the act of kneeling during the Lord's Supper and the use of a ring in marriage ceremonies. In addition, it was their desire to eliminate the employment of the sign of the cross during baptisms.

Surprisingly enough, in 1563, when they presetned this reform program to the Church's legislative body, they were held back by only one vote. Nonetheless they persevered and were optimistic that one day these changes would be implemented.

Some, though, were not as patient as others and, believing the reforms would never be accomplished with the structures of the established church, seperated. These seperatists were also labelled Puritans.

Naturally, man being the complex creature he is, differences began to appear in the basic beliefs of the reformers. These nuances became the cornerstones on which many of our Protestant churches were built.

One view held that each parish should have appointed elders, elected pastors and that the offices of archbishops and archdeacons were superfluous. These were the tenets upon which Presbyterianism was established.

Others felt that the only true church was composed of believers who were united to Christ and themselves by their own free will. Each church should be self-governing, ruled by officers and the loaws of Christ's bidding. Each member would accept responsibility for the well-being of the others and no one church had authority over any other. These were the approaches of Congregationalism.

As yet, these two ideas were still nurtured within the confines of the established church, their adherents not yet having considered seperations as the solutions to their needs. However, little was done for these Puritans. A translation of the Bible known as the "Authorized" or "King James Version" was offered as an appeasement and the order was issued for them to conform. Many did.

Meanwhile, the Separatist movement was gaining momentum and a congregation was formed at Gainsborough with John Smyth at its head. Because of religious persecutions these members exiled themselves to Amsterdam around 1608. Here, Smythm, after studying the New Testament became convinced that the only way to admit members into the fellowship was by baptism after a declaration of faith in Christ and the repentance of sins. Thus, shortly after their arrival in the Netherlands, the first English Baptist Church was formed, albeit on Dutch soil. Within a few years they returned to their native land, spread their faith and became known as "General Baptists".

In the interim, another pot was beginning to bubble. One group, led by Henry Jacob, was working on the "non-separatist Congregational postion". Attempting to stay within the Church of England, they aimed to set up a "nation-wife system of established Congregational churches". In 1616 Henry Jacob founed the first Congregational Church to remain in continuous service at Southwark.

In spite of their efforts, this kettle boiled over in the 1630's, The result was the beginning of a second Baptist faith in England called the "Particular" or Calvanistic Baptists because of their acceptance of the "particular or restricted atonement confined to the elect". In 1641 they accepted immersion as the only appropriate method of baptism. This practise was quickly adopted by all English Baptists.

A second group of Separatists congregated in Scooby, England. Once of its members was William Bradford (1590-1657). They also journeyed to Holland and eventually settled in Leyden in 1609.

These were the people who concentrated their efforts in American and firmly planted Congregationalism on the New England shores. Their spiritual leader was William Brewster and William Bradford, despite his youth, soon became their governor. They are more familiarly known as the "Piligrim Fathers".

QUERIES:

37. FRANCIS HATT settled in L'Etang in 1785. CH: (1) JAMES b. 1791 m. PHOEBE b. 1797 (2) WILLIAM b. 1797 m. ANN b. 1797?/1801?

(1) JAMES CH: (a) SAMUEL b. 181 m. MARY; (b) JAMES b. 1817 m. LOUSIA: (c) STEPHEN b. 1822 m ELIZABETH: (d) JOSEPH b. 1834; (e) CHARLES b. 1837; (f) HENRY b. 1840 m. HANNAH STEEN: (g) CHARLOTTE b. 1846 m. ROBERT STEEN.

1a. SAMUEL CH: PHOEBE b. 1834; MARY ANN b. 1836; LYDIA b. 1839; SAMUEL b. 1841; JAMES b. 1842 and SARAH b. 1845.

1b. JAMES CH: ELIZABETH b. 1841; PHOEBE b. 1843 and JOHN b. 1845.

1c. STEPHEN CH: PHOEBE b. 1841; ELIZABETH b. 1845 and STEPHEN b. 1848.

1d. JOSEPH CH: MELVIN and JOSEPH.

There are also WILLIAM b. 1831 who had a child STEPHEN b. 1851. Was he the son of JAMES and PHOEBE?

2. WILLIAM CH: JAMES b. 1830; JANE b. 1830; WILLIAM b. 1837; JOHN b. 1839; AMY b. 1841 and MARTIAN (sic) b. 1846. Seek any info on these families.

The Puritan Influence II (top)

by F.E. McConvey

After living on Dutch soil for several years, the Leydon Puritans became uneasy. They were unable to buy land or work in the skilled trades according to the dictates of their adopted land. Furthermore, their children were becoming more Dutch than English. Their real desire was to live in their homeland, but the outlawing of their religion rendered that dream impossible. Therefore, their eyes turned to the new lands in America.

They proposed to establish a second English colony within the boundaries of the grant issued to the Virginia Company and obtained financial assistance from a group of London merchants. Finally in 1620 the group, forty-one in number, sailed from the Netherlands in a cockleshell ship, the Speedwell. In England they were joined by sixty-one other countrymen who wished to improve their lot and with the Mayflower set their course for America.

After returning to England twice, they decided that the Speedwell could not survive such a hazardous journey, so the Mayflower sailed on alone in September 1620 with 102 men, women and children on board.,

They never reached their destination. At the end of sixty-five grueling days they arrived at Cape Cod on November 20 ( N.S.). The adverse winds did not assist any attempts they made to sail south.

Their arrival in the New England area put them in a rather precarious position. They had no authoroity to establish a settlement at this location and there were no governing principles in this wilderness. In order to maintain the necessary discliplines in the new land, the forty-one men drew up and signed the MAYFLOWER COMPACT and elected John Carver as their governor. This document represented the "first agreement for self-government in America."

William Bradford in his valuable manuscript, Of Plimmoth Plantation, names the passengers. As we review this fragment of his writing, it is easy to recognize many surnames that arrived in New Brunswick with the Loyalists. The parentheses ( ) are mine.

"(1) John Carver; (2) Katherine, his wife; (3) Desire Minter; & 2. man-servants. (4) John Howland, (5) Roger Wilder; (6) William Latham, a boy; & a (7) maid servant, & a child yt was put to him, called (8) Jasper More.

"(9) Mr. William Brewster; (10) Mary, his wife, with 2 sons, whose names were (11) Love & (12) Wrasling; and a boy was put to him called (13) Richard More; and another (14) one of his brothers. The rest of his children were left behind, & came over afterwards.

"(15) Mr. Edward Winslow; (16) Elizabeth, his wife; and 2. men servants, called (17) Georg Sowle and (18) Elias Story; also a little girle was put to hime, caled (19) Ellen, the sister of Richard More.

"(20) William Bradford and (21) Dorothy, his wife; javing but one child, a sone, left behind, who came afterwards.

"(22) Mr. Isaak Allerton, and (23) Mary, his wife; with 3. children (24) Bartholmew, (25) Remember, and (26) Mary; and a servant boy, (27) John Hooke.

"(28) Mr. Samuell Fuller, and a servant, called (29) William Butten. HIs wife was [left] behind, & a child, which came afterwards.

"(30) John Crakston, and his sone, (31) John Crakston.

"(32) Captain Myles Standish, and (33) Rose, his wife.

"(34) Mr. Christopher Martin and (35) his wife, and 2. servants who were (36 Salamon Prower and (37) John Langemore.

"(38) Mr. William Millines, and his (39) wife, and 2. children, (40 Joseph & (41) Priscila; and a servant, (42) Robert Carter.

"(43) Mr. William White and (44) Susana, his wife, and one son caled (45) Resolved, and one borne a ship-board caled (46) Perigriene; and 2. servants, named (47) William Holberk & (48) Edward Thomson.

"(49) Mr. Steven Hopkins (50) Elizabeth, his wife, and 2 children caled (51) giles, and (52) Constanta, a doughter, both by a former wife; and 2 more by this wife, caled (53 Samaris & (54) Oceanus; the last was borne at sea; and 2. servants, called (55) Edward Doty and (56) Edward Lister.

"(57) Mr. Richard Warren; but his wife and children were lefte behind, and came afterwards.

"(58) John Billinton and (59) Elen, his wife; and 2. sones (60) John & (61) Francis.

"(62) Edward Tillie; and (63) Ann, his wife; and w. children that were their cossens, (64) Henery Samson and (65) Humility Coper.

"(66) John Tillie and (67) his wife; and (68) Elizabeth, their doughter.

"(69) Francis Cooke, and their sone (70 John. But his wife & other children came afterwards.

"(71) Thomas Rogers, and (72) Joseph, his sone. His other children cam afterwards.

"(73) Thomas Tinker, and his (74) wife, and a (75) sone.

"(76) John Rigdale and (77) Alice, his wife.

"(78) James Chilton, and his (79) wife, and (80) Mary, this doughter. They had another doughter, yt was married, came afterward.

"(81) Edward Fuller, and his (82) wife, and (83) Samuell, their sonne.

"(84) John Turner, and 2. (85) (86) sones. He had a doughter came some years after to Salem, wher she is now living.

"(87) Francis Eaton, and (88) Sarah, his wife, and (89) Samuell, their sone, a yong child.

"(90) Moyses Fletcher, (91) John Goodman. (92) Thomas williams, (93) Digerie Preist, (94) Emond Margson, (95) Peter Browne, (96) Richard Britterige, (97) Richard Clarke, (98) Richard Gardenar, (99) Gilbart Winslow.

"(100) John Alden was hired for a cooper, at South-Hampton, wher the ship victuled; and being a hopefull yong man, was much desired, but left to his owne liking to go or stay when he came here; but he stayed, and maryed here.

"(101) John Allerton and (102) Thomas English wer both hired, the later to go mr(master) of a shalop here, and ye other was reputed as one of ye company, but was to go back [being a seaman] for the help of others behind. But they both dyed here, before the shipe returned.

"there were allso 2. other seamen hired to stay a year here in the country, (103) William Trevore and one (104) Ely. But when their time was out, they both returned.

"These, bening aboute a hundred sowls, came over in the first ship; and began this worke which God of his goodn hath hithertoo blese; let his holy name have ye praise."

During the crossing of the Atlantic, one passender died and a child was born. One November 21 the Mayflower lay at anchor in Provincetown harbour while the coast was explored for a suitable habitation. During this period four more of the tiny band succumbed and another child entered the world.

On De. 26, ninety-nine brave souls went ashore to establish Plymouth on the site of an abandoned Indian village.

(to be continued)

QUERIES

38. On Page 17 of EARLY RECORDS OF MACHIAS, MAINE 1767-1877 the following are listed:

MARY RECORD SPRAGUE b. 20 August 1811.

BENJ. HENRY SPRAGUE b. 30 August 1813.

SARAH ELIZABETH SPRAGUE b. 10 December 1815.

These were the children of SAMUEL & MARY SPRAGUE. To which family do these people belong? It would appear that they are not the childre of SAMUEL & MARY (BENNER) SPRAGUE. because she died in 1811. Any help would be appreciated.

The Puritan Influence III (top)

by F.E. McConvey

All the early settlers to America exprienced many difficulties. In order to survive, they were forced to clear land, provide shelters and perform other strenuous tasks to which they were unaccustomed. Food was scarce and often did not provide sufficient nutrients to sustain their bodoes. Even the climate was harsher than any they had experienced....and, always present ws the terror of Indian raids.

The inhabitants of Plymouth Colony were no exception. During that first winter the tiny band was reduced to approximately half its original number. With the spring though, help for the Pilgrims arrived from the most unlikely source...the Indians. Unde their direction, these fledglings learned how to survive in this new land. After the harvest that autumn, their new friends were invited to partake in a three-day festival. this celebration was the first Thanksgiving.

Over the years, additional settlers arrived, but many did not stay in Plymouth. They pushed forth in all directons of the compass and founded towns of Duxbury, Marshfield; Scituate, Rehoboth, Sandwich, Barnstable, Yarmouth, and Eastham, all elements within the Plymouth Colony.

Around 1628 the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established. two of the major settlements within its domain were Salem and Boston. By 1640 there were over 10,000 Puritans in this colony alone.

Although the Puritans firmly believed they were entitled to worship freely, this courtesy was not extended to others., They considered their form of worship to be the only correct one and brooked no tolerance to newcomers who practised other methods and they vehemnently abhorred those who embraced different faiths. Many of those who were expelled from the colonies established themselves in New Hampshire and Rhode Island.

These Puritans also refused to recognise the trade laws that had been laid down by England. Because of this, they lose their charter. When they finally agreed to obey these laws in 1691, a new charter was issued. This united the two New England colonies and remained in effect until the Revoluntionary War erupted.

This sets the New England stage.

One authority described the Puritan as "a spiritual athelete, characterized by an intense zeal for reform, a zeal to order everything - personal life, family life, worship, church, business affairs, political views, even recreation - in light of God's demand upon him."

During the years when the Puritans were firmly entrenching themselves in America, England was racked by civil war. The warring factions lined up according to religious and political differences. On one side stood the Royalists or Cavaliers, whil on the other were the Roundheads led by Crommwell. For nearly 20 years the Puritans attempted to establish, " a holy Commonweath" but after the death of Cromwell the monarcy was restored. Religious problems continued to arise until the Act of Toleration was passed in 1689.

"Puritanism in America, however, is generally understood to mean the early Congregationalism of New England." It was not by accident that the Masschusetts Bay Colony ranked above all others in the western hemisphere in "wealth, status, education, or capacity."

The colonists were a selected people (softed grain) with strong clerical leadership and their purpose was to accomplish in the new world that which they had been prevented from accomlishing at home. Their intention was to creat in the American wilderness a new Zion that would become "a city set on a hill" and force by the power of its example, the desired reformation of England."

Only those who become spiritually renewed were permitted to become church members. In turn, only the church membes were allowed to exercise any political rights. In this way, "the Puritan influence was stamped deep into the character of the New England and with the great migration westward it became a major factor in the shaping of the American spirit."

It has been said that the desire for profits contributed more to the harshness of rule, narrow-mindedness and self-satisfaction of these people moreso than Puritanism. Whether this is true or not, I cannot say. However, it is a known fact that New England colonies did prosper.

Sturdiness of character was one of the strongest Puritan attributes. According to Miller and Johnson in The Puritans, New York 1938, "The Puritan mind was one of the toughtest the world have ever had to deal with. It is inconveivable of a disillusioned Puritan; no matter what misfortune befell him, no matter how often or how tragically his fellowmen failed him, he would have been prepared for the worst and would have expected no better.

In spite of their intolerance of other religions and their cruel deeds against the Baptists and Quakers, the Purtians became the "architects who fashioned the principles of religious freedom."

The Puritans have also been accredited wtih the development of demorcracy. In England, this led to the limited or constitutional monarchy. In America they governed themselves according to the teachings of the Bible from their English experience.

Puritans were also strong believers in a sound education. The colleges of Harvard and Yale were established very early and the colonies had a grammar school system.

From this we can understand why they refused to buckle under when King George III attempted to extract taxes from these hardy New Englanders. Those who remained loyal to the crown did not neccessarily believe that the actions of the king were justified, but felt the matter could be resolved without a revolution that would split families and friends.

Because of all of these events, the stauncheness of the New England beliefs spread into the Maritimes and Upper Canada with the arrival of the Loyalists.

QUERIES:

33. Seeking info on the family of JOSIAH GILBERT, Loyalist who had a land grant on the St. John River, west of Fredericton, NB. Son MOSES b. inQueensbury, NB m. MARGARET GREEN and they had 7 children. Theonly dau. ANNE GILBERT m. WILLIAM MANNING at East Machias, ME in 1828. She is bur. in Machias, ME.

Who were JOSIAH'S parents? Where was he born? His wife ELIZABETH died after the birth of MOSES who was brought up by GARDNER/GIFFORD family. Where?

Where were MOSES and MARGARET married? Where were they living when they died? He belonged to the 104th Regiment.

ANNE GILBERT was born on 12 June 1810. Family story says this event occured in St. John. Can anyone confirm this statement?

The Bradfords of Plymouth (and Charlotte County) (top)

by F.E. McConvey

As we learned in recent columns about the Puritans, William Bradford became the second governor of Plymouth Colony after the death of John Carver.

For thirty-five years Bradford proved himself to be an able and popular public figure. IN the annual elections he was voted into the governor's office 30 times; another five years were spent as the governor's assistant.

Under the guidance of this shrewd governor, the colonists were finally abel to settle their debt with the London merchants who had financed their venture. He also negotiated the peace with the Indians which lasted until 1637. In short, the colony thrived and prospered under his direction.

Bradford, thought self-taught, was extremely skilled in languages and literature. To this day his writing Of Plimmoth Plantation remains the best historical source to describe life during the early development of the colony.

Born in Austerfield, England, William Bradfor was the son of William and Alice (Hanson) Bradford. His birthday is obscure but it has been established that he was baptized on 19 March 1589/90. His father died before William reached his second year so he was reared by his grandfather, also named William, and his uncles, Thomas and Robert, who trained him for farming. During his years at Leyden he was described as a fustian maker. (Fustian was a stout fabric made from cotton and flax).

On 08 November 1613, William Bradfor and Dorothy May married. They had one son John who remained behind when his parents sailed to American. Dorothy did not live to set foot on the new land but died on 07 December 1620. Her death was the first to be recorded in New England.

On 14 December 1623, William married a second time to Alice, daughter of Alexander Carpenter and widoe of Edward Constant Soutworth. their children were William, Mercy, and Joseph.

When William Bradford, "the very proud prop and glory of Plymouth Colony" died on 09 May 1657, he was "lamented by all the Colonies of New England as a common father to them all."

William (17 June 1624- 20 February 1704/4), the son of William and Alice Bradford married three times. To his first wife, Alice Richards of Weymouth, were born twn children. His second wife, Widow Wiswall, produced one child while Mary (Wood) Holmes brought forth four more Branfords, the oldest being Israel who married Sarah Bartlett of Duxbury, MA.

Joshua, son of Israel and Sarah Bradford, married Hannah Bradford, his second cousin, the daughter of Elisha and Hannah (Cole) Bradford. Hannah Cole was the granddaughter of Joseph (see above) and Jael (Hobart) Bradford.

Joshua and Hannah moved from Kingston, MA to Meduncook (Friendship), Maine. During an Indian raid on 27 May 1756 they were killed and their children were carried off to Canada. After the capture of Quebec by Wolfe in 1759 they returned to Meduncook.

One of these children, Benjamin, born at Kingston on 28 May 1753, was the Loyalist. After his arrival in New Brunswick he lived at Oak Point (now called Todd's Point) and his sons dwelled at Bayside. Daniel had what is now Fred McLaughlin place; he afterwards moved to Milltown (Lawrence, 1944). (The lane to Fred McLaughlin farm was situated approximately where the road now enters the Champlain Industrial park at the Star-Kist plant).

The children of Benjamin Bradford and Martha Studley were:

Daniel married Jennie ?, Bayside and Milltown, NB

Mary married Thaddeus Sibley.

Bejamin married Lucy Russell, Bayside, NB (the Russell homestead continues to be occupied by family and is known as Fairmile Farm.)

Huldah married Martin Byrne, Red Beach, ME

Martha married John Hopps, Ledge, Dufferin, NB

Joshua married Sarah (Sallie) Whitney, Bayside, NB

Rachel married John Smith, Brockway, NB.

One of the children of Joshua and Sarah (Sallie) Bradford was another Benjamin, bot 04 April 1823. He was a sea captain from Chamcook, NB and had two wives (at different times, of course). The first was Mary H. Cookson; the second, Frances S. Greenlaw.

Benjamin and Mary Bradford has the following children:

Benjamin F. married Mary Hickey and lived in Blacks Harbour, NB.

Martin married Lola F. Barney. They lived in Black Harbour and produced 18 children.

Clara (Clarinda) married J.H. Kyle. Her second husband was John Bailey.

Martha was also married twice. Her first husband was G.H. Smither; the second , W.S. Myra (?)

The 1851 Census of St. Andrews Parish shows Benjamin Bradford Jr. age 28 years; his wife Mary, 24, and children Clarinda, 4 and Martha, 2. Also in the household was Sadine Greenlaw age16, a servant.

In the 1861 Census appears this family:

Benjamin Bradford aged 38; Fanny his wife 27; Children: Benjamin, 9, Harry, 7; Matthew 5, Clarinda 13; Martha 11 and Fanny 1.

It is my opinion that after his wife, Mary (Cookson) died, Bejamin married Fanny (Frances) who was the Sadine listed in the 1851 Census.

From this brief history of the Bradford family, we can see that the distances between England, Holland, Plymouth and Charlotte County are but a few generations away.

If readers have information to offer on the Bradford family, I would appreciate hearing from them. This is one of the many families on which I am researching.

QUERIES:

40. COL.-MAGISTRATE JAMES BROWN b. 1796. Wife THANKFUL d. 24 March 1887. In the Census of 1851 they lived on Campobelloe. Mother, SUSANNAH lived with them. Seek any info on this family.

41. JOHN HANSON (1739-182-) b. Dover, NH m ELIZABETH CLARK (1746-1817). Both buried on the Holt's Point Road. Would appreciate any info on this family. I believe the following could be the children from this union, but this is not certain.

1. ISSAC. 2. WILLIAM m DOREAS MILLIKEN?. 3. JOHN m ? LIBBY?. 4. STEPHEN m SARAH TRAVERS?. 5. CLARK m. NANCY ? 6. DANIEL m MAY HALEY? 7. ? 8. ? 9. EPHRAIM m SARAH DALTON?. 10.ELIPHALETT m NELLIE TURNER? 11. ELIZABETH m MARK TURNER? 12. PHOEBE m ? DAVIS?. 13. SARAH m EPHRAIM YOUNG? 14. JACOB?/JAMES. 15. ROBERT m PRISCILLA KNIGHT?

It is also believed that one of the above was the father of CAPT. WILLIAM JOHN HANSON. Which one?

Charting the Family (top)

by F.E. McConvey

There comes a time when most genealogists wish to display their findings on a chart. Some purchase ready-made ones, usually shaped like triangles or fans from genealogical supply houses; while other's produce meticulously hand-drawn creations. Regardless of size, shape or creativity, all are neatly labelled and reflect the painstaking care and love that have gone into their prepartation.

A very basic linage chart may look like this:

Each step back into the previous generation increased the number of parents twofold. Therefore a five-generation chart will supply information on 31 individuals including yourself. Do you find it difficult to believe that you have no less than eight great-grandparents? Your might might become boggled if you consider how many great-great-grandparents it took to produce you.

In the example given above, the Roman numerals indicating the generations, plus the labels at the bottom are only for clearness.

Note the manner in which each person is numbered. This method, the accepted one, has some very practical reasonings behind it.

You will notice that except for the person in position--1, all males are assigned even numbers. The wife of each male is given the next highest odd number. Another point to be taken is that the number applied to any person's (male or female) father is always double that person's number.

From these simple rules it is very easy to ascertain that if the name shown in position--14 is not the father of --7, an error has been made. Consequently,--9 should be the spouse of the male shown in--8.

This type of chart that begins in the present generation and plots the direct course back into the past is generally referred to as a Pedigree or Lineage Chart.

A Progenitor's Chart works in the opposite direction. It begins with one person from an early generation. As it descends, it shows a progeny (off-spring) of that person.

All of the charts described above can be very unwiedly and difficult to carry around. In some instances, when the format in my same is used, it extends as far as it can on one page. From there the names are carried forward onto more charts, making them very bulky to transport..

By using the same numbering system outlined above, someone has devised a typed version of these charts which is often referred to as an Ahnentafel Chart. After searching through several sources, I have been able to find nothing on that 50- cent word. I have been told, on good authority, that it is a German word meaning pedigree or lineage.

Charts of this type can yield the basic information on your direct line with all five generations appearing on one typed sheet. e.g.

1 Frances Eileen Greenlaw, 1943, - Moncton, NB.

In comparison, here is an example of an Atnentafel Chart which closely follows the one used by ROOTS, a genealogy computer program by Comsoft. Additional data may be recorded without expanding into a gigantic report. With this type of application, the graphic clarity is missing, but it is one of the simplest to arrange and maintain.

Ahntnthfel Chart

1. Frances Eileen GREENLAW b. 30 Sept 1943 in Moncton, Westmoreland County, NB. Adopted 10 Oct. 1950 by Donald Ira and Mildred Jean (Miller Greenlaw) of St. Stephen, NB. No name change. m1 26 Aug. 1961 to John Kenneth McConvey of Basswood Ridge, NB. m2 13 June 1977 to Kenneth George Sheehan of Saint John, NB.

---

2. Ronald Arthur GREENLAW b. 29 Sept 1917 at Bayside, St. Croix Parish, Charlotte County, NB

3. Hilda Eleanor BRYANT b. 29 July 1924 at Bartlett's Mills, St. Croix Parish, Charlotte County, NB.

---

4. Hazen Leo GREENLAW b. 28 Sept. 1894 at Bayside, NB. d. 1955 at St. Stephen, St. Stephen Parish, Charlotte County, NB. m 29 Nov 1914.

5. Freda Sophia May IRWIN b. 03 Nov 1892 at St. Andrews, St. Andrews Parish, Charlotte County, NB. d. 25 May 1970 at St. Stephen, NB.

6. Carleton John BRYANT b. 03 Jun 1897 at Bartlett's Mills, NB. d. 1979.

7. Winnifred May CRICHTON b. 20 Mar 1907 at Bocabec, St. Patricks Parish, Charlotte County, NB. d 19 Dec 1986 at Kingston, Ontario.

---

8. Joseph A. GREENLAW b. 08 Sept 1863. d. 1940

9. Louisa "Lulu" RICHARDSON b. 24 Mar 1870. d. 1947.

10. Edward George IRWIN b. 27 May c1858 at Elmsville, St. Patricks Parish, Charlotte County, NB.

11. Emma Adelta WILEY b. 28 Sept 1862 at Bayside, NB

12. William James Fairfield BRYANT b. 20 Apr. 1853. d. 18 Sept 1923 at Bartletts Mills, NB m. 1885.

13. Annie Jane PYE b. 06 Jan 1855 at Bartletts Mills, NB. d. 26 Oct 1945

14. James David CRICHTON. b. c1871.

15. Annie Eleanor CONNICK b. c1869. d. 194-.

---

16. James F.GREENLAW b. 1824 at Bayside, NB. d. 19 Jun 1899.

17. Margaret Ann McCLELLAND b. 11 Feb 1826.

18. Robert RICHARDSON b. c1842. d. 1915. m2 Maggie (Linton) Simpson.

19. Margaret Louise SAMPSON b. c1843. d. 1878.

20. Thomas S. IRWIN b. c1833.

21. Lucie Jane HUMPHREY b. c1833. d. 1900.

22. Daniel M. WILEY b. c1830. d. 19 Dec 1912. m 16 Dec 1857.

23. Elizabeth ROSS b. c1832. d. 1923.

24. Isaac BRYANT b. c1796 c. 1871. Came to New Brunswick from the United States.

25. Elizabeth BOLES d. 1907.

26. Nobel PYE b. c1800 d. 16 Oct 1890 age 90 years. m(2nd?) 1855.

27. Ann HENRY. b. 1825 in County Sligo, Ireland. d. 01 Jul 1911 at Bartlett's Mills, NB.

28. David James CRICHTON b. c1826 in. Came to New Brunswick from Nova Scotia.

29. Rachel b. c1833

30 CONNICK

---

34. Martin McLELLAND b. c1794 in Ireland.

35. Margaret LESLIE d. 1851.

36. Isaac RICHARDSON b. 1801 in Grimsby, England. d. 1880.

37. Jane HOOTEN b. 1803 Grimsby, England d. 1870.

38. James SAMPSON b. 1801 in Ireland.

39. Jane SIMPSON B. 1812 in Ireland.

44. Hugh WILEY b. 1797 d. 1881. d. 1881

45. Mary MALLOCH b. 1797. d. 1879

46. James ROSS b. c1795

47. Jane KIRKWOOD? b. c1797

54. George HENRY.

---

71. BURNET

This chart covers the information on seven generations. As you can see, the farther back one goes, the less detail. But, as the search continues, this missing data is gradually found. If desired, all the numbers can be listed and the information on that particular person may be added in as it becomes available. (NOTE: The solid lines seperate the generations.)

QUERIES:

42. JOHN BARBER Loyalist. Family settled in Oak Hill in 1783. Daughter MARY (b NY 1782) married WILLIAM D. CROCKET(T) of Alexander, ME. Son DUNCAN, prob. named after DUNCAN MCCOLL. Believe family was orginally from CT or RI. Seek any info on this family plus the Crocketts from Alexander.

The province of New Brunswick has a pamphley available for those planning to become united in marriage. It offers guidelines to the prospective bride and groom to ensure they follow the proper procedures for a legal union.

Wedding banns are public announcements in church of a proposed marriage. In days gone by, a couple was allowed to become joined in matrimony after their banns had been read for three successive weeks. If they were not affiliated with a church, or did not wish to follow this age-old custom, they were required to purchase a marriage license before the ceremony could be performed.

Effective 01 September 1987, a marriage license is required before a couple may be wed. Banns may still be read, but the cold, hard cash must be laid down for the marriage license before the vows are taken.

Included in this publication is a page entitled, "Prohibited Degrees of Affinity and Consanguinity Barring Lawful Solemnization of Marriage in the Province of New Brunswick." That is certainly a mouthfull and a half. Translated it means: People who may not be legally married in New Brunswick because of their kinship by blood or marriage. Acccording to the laws of this province, marriages are forbidden between the following people.

I was surprised to discover that first cousins are not included in this list of taboo marriages. Cousins are individuals who share the same gene pool from one side of the family. In 1960 nearly half of the States in the US would not permit marriages between cousins. In addition to genetic reasons it was felt that the legal rights of inheritance were in question for children of cousins.

According to Ashley Montagu in his book, Human Heredity, New York 1960, "If the marrying partners come from good healthy stock....one in which no significantly disturbing disorders have been noted then the changes are high that the offspring will not exhibit any such disorders. We have pedigrees of many distinguished families which bear abundant testimony to this fact."

In ancient Egypt brothers and sisters frequently married to assure their rights to the throne of the Pharoahs. The Eighteenth Dynasty (c1580-1350 B.C.) produced some of the most gifted rulers of that ancient land from these brother-sister matings.

The Ptolemies, rulers of Egypt from 323-30 B.C. are often cited as one of the good examples of inbreeding, but evidence now indicates this family was not so closely inbred as once believed.

Abraham of the Old Testament said of Sarah his wife, "....she is really my sister, the daughter of my father though not of my mother; and she became my wife." From the family record of Moses and Aaron in Exodus, we find, "Amram married his father's sister Jochebed, who bore him Aaron and Moses." The laws given to the Isrealities by Moses prohibited these marriages.

As early as 1215 A.D., the Christian Church "decreed that only persons related beyond the degree of third cousins might marry."

In general terms, restrictions on the marriage of close kinfolk are good. Because of the large distribution of recessive genes for defective traits around the world population it stands to reason that there is a greater possiblity of cousins pasing a matched set of recessive genes along to their children that of unrelated parents. First cousins share two common grandparents which means that they have more than one-eighth of their genes in common.

The chance that an unrelated couple will carry the recessive gene for albinism is 1 in 70; with first cousins the odds become 1 in 8.

Many rare diseases are due to recessive genes. When the parents of the people who suffer these diseases are first cousins, the incidence of these maladies is extremely high.

One geneticist suggests that in addition to preparing genealogical charts on your family, it could be advisable to compile one showing certain traits such as alcoholism, blindness, deafness and epilepsy. Other problems including diabetes, multiple sclerosis, lupis, etc., could be shown as well.

There are many disorders which are inherited-- hemophilia, sicklecell anemia, clubfoot, bunions, hammer toe, flat foot, cataracts, colour blindess, glaucoma, baldness, phenylketonuria (PKU), migraine, muscular distrophy, eczema, psoriasis, clelft palate and/or harelip, to name a few.

If individuals carrying a single recessive gene produce offspring, the chances of their children inheriting this abnormal gene is one in four. Therefore one can easily perceive that there is less risk for children if their parents do not have family connections.

"Love is blind" according to an old adage, but it might be wise to open up your eyes enough to take a squint at the family especially when both parties are native to a small area, like Charlotte County, where intermingling of families has taken place for over a century.

QUERIES

43. THOMAS DONALD ROBERTSON (b. 31 Dec 1863 in the vicinity of Calais, ME/St. Stephen, NB) first appears in ME at South Princeton in the home of PETER SMART in 1870-80. He d. at Weston, ME in Jan. 1941. His parents may have been DONALD ROBERTSON b. Scotland and ELSIE HENDERSON b. St. Johns, NB. PETER SMART was b. Pleasant Ridge, NB on 21 Aug 1839, the son of JOHN SMART (b. 16 Sep 1814 in the Parish of Kirkmaden Co., Wigton Scotland). PETER m at Bancroft, ME on 14 Jun 1862 to MINA CRAFTS (b. 14 Apr 1843 at Alexander, ME).

It is known that both parents of THOMAS DONALD ROBERTSON were deceased probably as early as 1870. THOMAS was known to have had a half-sister MARY -?- who is thought to have remained single and to have been an organist in a St. John Church. Some relationship may have existed between PETER SMART, THOMAS DONALD ROBERTSON and/or MINA CRAFTS.

PETER SMART went to Bancroft c 1849/50 with his parents. He married there in1863 then moved back to Princeton. His mother was ANN POMEROY, dau. of RICHARD and ANN (TUFTS) POMEROY. She was born at Magaguadavic, NB on 23 Mar 1811. She mar. PETER on 18 Oct ? 1838.

Seek any info on these families.

the Business of genealogy I

by F.E McConvey

With the exception of Grand Manan, Charlotte County is standing on the threshold of a doorway that swings open to reveal a marvellous new world--from a genealogical point of view, that is.

It has often been said that the Maritimes are 25 years behind the rest of the world (half an hour later in Newfoundland). This is one of our major attractions for visitors who derive pleasure from treading in the backwaters of life as a change from their normal hectic existance. In respect to genealogy, however, this statement is unfortunately true. Elsewhere, genealogy, is a booming and profitable business.

At the May meeting of the newly formed New Brunswick Genealogical Society-Charlotte County Branch, a guest very graciously gave us an extra copy of The Genealogical Helper.

This magazine is now in its 42nd year of continous publication. During 1987, subscribers would receive over 1500 pages of genealogical data produced in six issues.

A sampling from the 259 pages of the Sept-Oct. 1987 issues is as follows:

Special Features:

British Military Records

1987 Directory of Professional Genealogical Researchers.

Regular Features:

Editoral - Editor's report on current projects of The Genealogical Helper and The Everton Publishers, Inc., plus other last-minute items.

Relatively Speaking - Unusual or amusing genealogical anecdotes, quips, quotations or research stories.

Bureau of Missing Ancestors - A directory of genealogists for professional and amateur genealogists which includes references to thousands of different surnames.

Missing Folk Finder - Devoted to present-day families and includes information about persons presumed still living.

Classified Advertising - Includes five sections - Books Wanted, Families, Miscellaneous, Publications for Sale and Researchers. A valuable ais for the genealogist.

Genealogical Miscellany - Interesting and informative genealogical news items that cross the editor's desk.

The Question and Answer Box - Queries from subscribers with brief answers given by our professional consultant, Joseph Hall.

New on the Bookshelf - Extensive coverage of recent genealogical and historical books or publications; reviews are written by book review editor, Louise M. Everton.

Memories - A selection of old photographs shared by readers.

The computer Helper - Articles and advertisements concerning computers and genealogy.

Computerized "Roots" Cellar - Comprehensive list of ancestor names, dates and locations for quick references.

Surnames Index Vol. 41, No. 5 - Complete index of every surname appearing in this issue.

Subject and Locality Index of Vol. 41, No. 5 - Index to locations of records and subjects covered in this issue.

...and, if that is not enough to satisfy, have a look at the advertising.

The New England Historic Genealogical Society - You don't have to live in New England to be a member. Services available to members: Publications Service - The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, a quarterly journal has been published since 1847. Nexus is a bimonthly member's magazine. Discounts on other publications. Education Services - lectures and programs held in Boston and throughout the country. For out-of-Town Members - Book Loan Mail Service - largest circulating genealogical collection in North America, includes American, Canadian and European Material. Three titles at a time can be mailed to members for a small handling fee. Research Service - genealogical assistance is offered by their professional staff at a competitive hourly rate. Address: 101 Newbury St., Boston, MA 02116.

* * *

To try a computer program before you buy it makes good sense. The value of a program is not in how little or how much you pay for it but its ease of use and ability to give you what you want. The Genealogy db Demo Diskette at $9.50 (1987).

Genealogy db is written in a powerful dBase III Plus programming language and compiled for IBM PC, XT, AT or Compatibles. to run the Genealogy db Demo you need DOS, 512K, Floppy or Hard Drive. Demo limits are 50 persons, 25 marriages. ADD, CHANGE, VIEW, NOTES and SEARCH options. Display a Pedigree Chart or Family Group on screen, in an instant. Display all marriages for a person. Scroll thru the Persons files. The Femo prints three of Genealogy db's seven Print Options. Full version of Genealogy db is $95 US (1987). Thus runs the ad of Joseph J. Borrello, Box 4459, Corvina, CA 91723.

* * *

There is also a variety of software available for Commodore and Apple users.

* * *

American French Genealogical Society: French -- Canadian Roots. S.A.S.E. to P.O. Box 2113GH, Pawtucket, RI 02861-0113

* * *

1881 Canadian Census, Central Algoma Division, 80pp. from Ontario Genealogical Society, Sault and District Branch, Box 1203, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 6N1. Other publications: Births, Deaths and Marriages from the Sault Star; Algoma Cemeteries; Wills from Algoma; Bruce Mines Spectator. S.A.S.E. for information.

* * *

Catalogue of Genealogical Gifts. FOREBEARERS AND FRIENDS. P.O. Box 7772, Charlottesville, VA 22906

* * *

New York City Research. Knowledgeable Jewish Genealogy. Marsh Saron Dennis. 885 West End Avenue, #3A, New York, NY, 10025

* * *

Clan MacLellan in American. Scottish genealogy and history of the family names McClellan, McClelland, McLellan, McLelland, Cleland, Gilliland and all various spellings. Contact Mrs. Dorothy Ellis, Secretary, Box 767, Pewee Valley, KY 40056.

* * *

Saltair Bed and Breakfast. 164 South 900 East, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84102. One mile to Genealogical Library on bus route. Beautiful Historic home, quiet and relaxing. @29-39.(1987)

Free Surname Registration. Societies welcome to send their member's surnames listing. And for $1.00 per surname plus SASE (large manila, if more than 5 names to be researched) we will provide you with a listing of people researching the same surnames. We have over ten thousand names now in our files. Merilyn Cargl Romani, Cargo Clan Searchers. 149 Kendall St., Burlington S., WI 53105.

QUERIES

44. JOHN GREGORY. From Ireland. Died between 1871 and 1881. Settled in Oak Bay. Married MARY ANN LOVE (died 11 Jan. 1910. bur. Oak Bay). on 23 May 1838. CH. JAMES, JOHN m HANNAH THOMPSON; WILLIAM m AGNES BELL; JOSEPH m CASSIE COLLIN(G)S; THOMAS moved to Fort Bragg, CA; HUGH m1 JENNIE BOYD, m2 SARAH WATTERS; ROBERTS unmarried?; DANIEL m CELIA SAUNDERS. Any info on this family would be appreciated.